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 КОНКУРС! ЗНАЕТЕ ЛИ ВЫ ЛОНДОН?2014-08-12 12:32:48Победителю — остроумный приз из Великобритании! Елена Майорова недавно вернулась из британской ... + развернуть текст сохранённая копия Победителю — остроумный приз из Великобритании! Елена Майорова недавно вернулась из британской столицы, откуда она привезла не только массу полезных видеоуроков прямо с улиц Лондона, но и призы его знатокам! Подробности в группе Learn English! Тэги: english, learn, английский, английского, великобритания, видеоуроки, елена, знаете, легко, лондон, майорова, страны, уроки Afghanistan Constitution2014-08-11 17:38:00The current ICL edition is based on an unofficial translation of the constitutional te In the name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate Preamble We the people of Afghanistan: 1. With firm faith in God Almighty and relying on His lawful mercy, and Believing in the Sacred religion of Islam, 2. Realizing the injustice and shortcoming of the past, and the numerous troubles imposed on our country, 3. While acknowledging the sacrifices and the historic struggles, rightful Jehad and just resistance of all people of Afghanistan, and respecting the high position of the martyrs for the freedom of Afghanistan, 4. Understanding the fact that Afghanistan is a single and united country and belongs to all ethnicities residing in this country, 5. Observing the United Nations Charter and respecting the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 6. For consolidating national unity, safeguarding independence, national sovereignty, and territorial integrity of the country, 7. For establishing a government based on people's will and democracy, 8. For creation of a civil society free of oppression, atrocity, discrimination, and violence and based on the rule of law, social justice, protection of human rights, and dignity, and ensuring the fundamental rights and freedoms of the people, 9. For strengthening of political, social, economic, and defensive institutions of the country, 10. For ensuring a prosperous life, and sound environment for all those residing in this land, 11. And finally for regaining Afghanistan's deserving place in the international community, Have adopted this constitution in compliance with historical, cultural, and social requirements of the era, through our elected representatives in the Grand Council [Loya Jirga] dated 14 Jaddi 1382 in the city of Kabul. Chapter I The State Article 1 [Islamic Republic] Afghanistan is an Islamic Republic, independent, unitary and indivisible state. Article 2 [Religions] (1) The religion of the state of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan is the sacred religion of Islam. (2) Followers of other religions are free to e Article 3 [Law and Religion] In Afghanistan, no law can be contrary to the beliefs and provisions of the sacred religion of Islam. Article 4 [Sovereignty, Ethnic Groups, Citizenship] (1) National sovereignty in Afghanistan belongs to the nation that e (2) The nation of Afghanistan consists of all individuals who are the citizen of Afghanistan. (3) The nation of Afghanistan is comprised of the following ethnic groups: Pashtun, Tajik, Hazara, Uzbak, Turkman, Baluch, Pashai, Nuristani, Aymaq, Arab, Qirghiz, Qizilbash, Gujur, Brahwui and others. (4) The word Afghan applies to every citizen of Afghanistan. (5) No member of the nation can be deprived of his citizenship of Afghanistan. (6) Affairs related to the citizenship and asylum are regulated by law. Article 5 [Territorial Integrity] Implementation of the provisions of this constitution and other laws, defending independence, national sovereignty, territorial integrity, and ensuring the security and defense capability of the country, are the basic duties of the state. Article 6 [Purposes] The state is obliged to create a prosperous and progressive society based on social justice, protection of human dignity, protection of human rights, realization of democracy, and to ensure national unity and equality among all ethnic groups and tribes and to provide for balanced development in all areas of the country. Article 7 [International Law] (1) The state shall abide by the UN charter, international treaties, international conventions that Afghanistan has signed, and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. (2) The state prevents all types of terrorist activities, production and consumption of into Article 8 [State Policy] The state regulates the policy of the country on the basis of preserving the independence, national interests, territorial integrity, non-aggression, good neighborliness, mutual respect, and equal rights. Article 9 [Natural Resources] (1) Mines, underground resources are properties of the state. (2) Protection, use, management, and mode of utilization of the public properties shall be regulated by law. Article 10 [Private Investments] The State encourages and protects private capital investments and enterprises based on the market economy and guarantees their protection in accordance with the provisions of law. Article 11 [Trade] Affairs related to the domestic and e Article 12 [Bank] (1) Da Afghanistan Bank is the central and independent bank of the state. (2) Issuance of currency, and formulation and implementation of monetary policy of the country are the mandates of the central bank in accordance with law. (3) The central bank shall consult with the economic committee of the House of Representatives [Wolesi Jirga] in matters related to the printing of money. (4) Structure and operation of this bank shall be regulated by law. Article 13 [Economy] The state shall formulate and implement effective programs for development of industries, growth of production, increasing of public living standards, and support to craftsmanship. Article 14 [Farming, Housing] (1) The state shall design and implement within its financial resources effective programs for development of agriculture and animal husbandry, improving the economic, social and living conditions of farmers, herders, settlement and living conditions of nomads. (2) The state adopts necessary measures for housing and distribution of public estates to deserving citizens in accordance within its financial resources and the law. Article 15 [Environment] The state is obliged to adopt necessary measures for safeguarding forests and the environment. Article 16 [Languages] (1) From among the languages of Pashtu, Dari, Uzbeki, Turkmani, Baluchi, Pashai, Nuristani, Pamiri (alsana), Arab and other languages spoken in the country, Pashtu and Dari are the official languages of the state. (2) The Turkic languages (Uzbaki and Turkmen), Baluchi, Pashai, Nuristani and Pamiri (alsana) are -- in addition to Pashto and Dari -- the third official language in areas where the majority speaks them. The practical modalities for implementation of this provision shall be specified by law. (3) The state adopts and implements effective plans for strengthening, and developing all languages of Afghanistan. (4) Publications and radio and television broadcasting are allowed in all languages spoken in the country. Article 17 [Education] The state shall adopt necessary measures for promotion of education in all levels, development of religious education, organizing and improving the conditions of mosques, madrasas and religious centers. Article 18 [Calendar] (1) The calendar of the country shall be based on the flight of the Prophet (PBUH). (2) The basis of work for state offices is the solar calendar. (3) Fridays and the 28 Asad and the 8 Sawr are public holidays. Other holidays shall be regulated by law. Article 19 [Flag, Insignia, Emblem] (1) The Afghan flag is made up of three equal parts, with black, red and green colors ju (2) The width of every colored piece is equal to half of its length. The national insignia is located in the center of the flag. (3) The national insignia of the state of Afghanistan is composed of Mehrab and pulpit in white color. (4) Two flags are located on its two sides. In the upper-middle part of the insignia the sacred phrase of "There is no God but Allah and Mohammad is his prophet, and Allah is Great" is placed, along with a rising sun. The word "Afghanistan" and year 1298 (solar calendar) is located in the lower part of the insignia. The insignia is encircled with two branches of wheat. (5) The law shall regulate the use of national flag and emblem. Article 20 [Anthem] The National Anthem of Afghanistan shall be in Pashtu and mention "Allahu Akbar" and the names of the ethnic groups of Afghanistan. Article 21 [Capital] The capital of Afghanistan is the city of Kabul. Chapter II Fundamental Rights and Duties of Citizens Article 22 [Equality] (1) Any kind of discrimination and privilege between the citizens of Afghanistan are prohibited. (2) The citizens of Afghanistan -- whether man or woman -- have equal rights and duties before the law. Article 23 [Life] Life is a gift of God and a natural right of human beings. No one shall be deprived of this right e Article 24 [Liberty, Human Dignity] (1) Liberty is the natural right of human beings. This right has no limits unless affecting the rights of others or public interests, which are regulated by law. (2) Liberty and dignity of human beings are inviolable. (3) The state has the duty to respect and protect the liberty and dignity of human beings. Article 25 [Presumption of Innocence] (1) Innocence is the original state. (2) An accused is considered innocent until convicted by a final decision of an authorized court. Article 26 [Criminal Responsibility] (1) Crime is a personal action. (2) The prosecution, arrest, and detention of an accused and the e Article 27 [Punishment] (1) No act is considered a crime, unless determined by a law adopted prior to the date the offense is committed. (2) No person can be pursued, arrested or detained but in accordance with provisions of law. (3) No person can be punished but in accordance with the decision of an authorized court and in conformity with the law adopted before the date of offense. Article 28 [E (1) No citizen of Afghanistan accused of a crime can be e (2) No Afghan would be sentenced to deprivation of citizenship or to e Article 29 [Torture] (1) Torture of human beings is prohibited. (2) No person, even with the intention of discovering the truth, can resort to torture or order the torture of another person who may be under prosecution, arrest, or imprisoned, or convicted to punishment. (3) Punishment contrary to human integrity is prohibited. Article 30 [Compulsion, Confession] (1) Any statement, testimony, or confession obtained from an accused or of another person by means of compulsion, are invalid. (2) Confession to a crime is: a voluntary confession before an authorized court by an accused in a sound state of mind. Article 31 [Defence] (1) Every person upon arrest can seek an advocate to defend his rights or to defend his case for which he is accused under the law. (2) The accused upon arrest has the right to be informed of the attributed accusation and to be summoned to the court within the limits determined by law. (3) In criminal cases, the state shall appoint an advocate for a destitute. (4) The confidentiality of oral, written or telephonic communications between an advocate and his accused client are immune from invasion. (5) The duties and authorities of advocates shall be regulated by law. Article 32 [Debt Relief] (1) Being in debt does not limit a person's freedom or deprive him of his liberties. (2) The mode and means of recovering a debt shall be regulated by law. Article 33 [Electoral Rights] (1) The citizens of Afghanistan have the right to elect and be elected. (2) Law regulates the conditions and means to e Article 34 [E (1) Freedom of e (2) Every Afghan has the right to e (3) Every Afghan has the right to print or publish topics without prior submission to the state authorities in accordance with the law. (4) Directives related to printing house, radio, television, press, and other mass media, will be regulated by the law. Article 35 [Organizations, Parties] (1) The citizens of Afghanistan have the right to form social organizations for the purpose of securing material or spiritual aims in accordance with the provisions of the law. (2) The citizens of Afghanistan have the right to form political parties in accordance with the provisions of the law, provided that: -- The program and charter of the party are not contrary to the principles of sacred religion of Islam, and the provisions and values of this Constitution. -- The organizational structure, and financial sources of the party are made public. -- The party does not have military or paramilitary aims and structures. -- The party should have no affiliation to a foreign political party or sources. (3 Formation and functioning of a party based on ethnicity, language, Islamic school of thought (mazhab-i fiqhi) and region is not permissible. (4 A party set up in accordance with provisions of the law shall not be dissolved without lawful reasons and the decision of an authorized court. Article 36 [Demonstration] The citizens of Afghanistan have the right to un-armed demonstrations, for legitimate peaceful purposes. Article 37 [Confidentiality of Communication] (1) Confidentiality and freedom of correspondence and communication whether in the form of letters or through telephone, telegraph and other means, are immune from invasion. (2) The state does not have the right to inspect personal correspondence and communication unless authorized by the provisions of law. Article 38 [Residence, Home, Search] (1) A person's residence is immune from invasion. (2) Other than the situations and methods indicated in the law, no one, including the state, are allowed to enter or inspect a private residence without prior permission of the resident or holding a court order. (3) In case of an evident crime, an official in-charge of the situation can enter or conduct a house search prior to the permission of the court. (4) The official involved in the situation is required to obtain a subsequent court order for the house search within the period indicated by law. Article 39 [Movement, Settlement, Travel] (1) Every Afghan has the right to travel or settle in any part of the country e (2) Every Afghan has the right to travel abroad and return home in accordance with the provisions of law. (3) The state shall protect the rights of the citizens of Afghanistan abroad. Article 40 [Private Property] (1) Property is immune from invasion. (2) No person shall be forbidden from acquiring and making use of a property e (3) Nobody's property shall be confiscated without the provisions of law and the order of an authorized court. (4) Acquisition of a person's property, in return for a prior and just compensation within the bounds of law, is permitted only for securing public interests in accordance with the provisions of law. (5) Inspection and disclosure of a private property are carried out only in accordance with the provisions of law. Article 41 [Property of Foreigners] (1) Foreign individuals do not have the right to own immovable property in Afghanistan. (2) Lease of immovable property for the purpose of investment is permissible in accord with law. (3) The sale of estates to diplomatic missions of foreign countries and to those international agencies, of which Afghanistan is a member, is permissible in accordance with the provisions of law. Article 42 [Ta (1) Every Afghan is obligated to pay ta (2) No ta (3) The rate of ta (4) This provision is also applied to foreign individuals and agencies. (5) Every kind of ta Article 43 [Education] (1) Education is the right of all citizens of Afghanistan, which shall be provided up to the level of the B.A. (lisâns), free of charge by the state. (2) The state is obliged to devise and implement effective programs for a balanced e (3) The state is also required to provide the opportunity to teach native languages in the areas where they are spoken. Article 44 [Education for Women and Nomads, Illiteracy] The state shall devise and implement effective programs for balancing and promoting of education for women, improving of education of nomads and elimination of illiteracy in the country. Article 45 [Unified Educational Curriculum] The state shall devise and implement a unified educational curriculum based on the provisions of the sacred religion of Islam, national culture, and in accordance with academic principles, and develops the curriculum of religious subjects on the basis of the Islamic sects e Article 46 [Higher Education, Schools] (1) Establishing and operating of higher, general and vocational education are the duties of the state. (2) The citizens of Afghanistan also can establish higher, general, and vocational private educational institutions and literacy courses with the permission of the state. (3) The state can also permit foreign persons to set up higher, general and vocational educational private institutes in accordance with the law. (4) The conditions for admission to state higher education institutions and other related matters to be regulated by the law. Article 47 [Science, Culture, Literature, Arts] (1) The state shall devise effective programs for the promotion of science, culture, literature and the arts. (2) The state guarantees the rights of authors, inventors, and discoverers, and encourages and supports scientific researches in all areas, and publicizes the effective use of their results in accordance with the law. Article 48 [Work] (1) Work is the right of every Afghan. (2) Working hours, paid holidays, right of employment and employee, and other related affairs are regulated by law. (3) Choice of occupation and craft is free within the limits of law. Article 49 [Forced Labor] (1) Forced labor is forbidden. (2) Active participation, in times of war, calamity, and other situations threatening lives and public welfare is one of the primary duties of every Afghan. (3) Children shall not be subjected to forced labor. Article 50 [Public Administration, Offices, Information] (1) The state is obliged to adopt necessary measures for creation of a strong and sound administration and realization of reforms in the administration system of the country after authorisation by the National Assembly. (2) Government offices are bound to carry their work with full neutrality and incompliance with the provisions of law. (3) The citizens of Afghanistan have the right of access to the information from the government offices in accordance with the provisions of law. (4) This right has no limits, unless violation of the rights of the others. (5) The citizens of Afghanistan are employed for state services on the basis of qualification without any kind of discrimination and in accordance with law. Article 51 [Compensation] (1) Any person suffering undue harm by government action is entitled to compensation, which he can claim by appealing to court. (2) With the e Article 52 [Health Care, Hospitals, Physical Education, Sports] (1) The state is obliged to provide free means of preventive health care and medical treatment, and proper health facilities to all citizens of Afghanistan in accordance with the law. (2) The state encourages and protects the establishment and e (3) The state in order to promote physical education and improve national and local sports adopts necessary measures. Article 53 [Handicapped] (1) The state takes necessary measures for regulating medical services and financial support to descendants of those who were martyred or are missing, to disabled or handicapped, and their active participation and re-integration into society in accordance with the law. (2) The state guarantees the rights and privileges of pensioners and disabled and handicapped individuals and as well renders necessary assistance to needy elders, women without caretakers, and needy orphans in accordance with the law. Article 54 [Family] (1) Family is a fundamental unit of society and is supported by the state. (2) The state adopts necessary measures to ensure physical and psychological well being of family, especially of child and mother, upbringing of children and the elimination of traditions contrary to the principles of sacred religion of Islam. Article 55 [Defense, Military Service] (1) The defense of the country is the responsibility of all citizens of Afghanistan. (2) The conditions for military services are regulated by law. Article 56 [Obeying the Law] (1) Observing the provisions of the Constitution, obeying the laws, adhering to public law and order are the duties of all people of Afghanistan. (2) Ignorance about the provisions of law is not considered an e Article 57 [Rights of Foreigners] (1) The state guarantees the rights and liberties of the foreign citizens residing in Afghanistan in accordance with the law. (2) These people are obliged to observe the laws of the state of Afghanistan in accordance with the International Law. Article 58 [Human Rights Commission] (1) The State, for the purpose of monitoring the observation of human rights in Afghanistan, to promote their advancement (behbud) and protection, shall establish the Independent Human Rights Commission of Afghanistan. (2) Any person, whose fundamental rights have been violated can file complaint to the Commission. (3) The Commission can refer cases of violation of human rights to the legal authorities, and assist in defending the rights of the complainant. (4) The structure, and functions of this Commission shall be regulated by law. Article 59 [Misuse of Rights] No one can misuse the rights and freedoms under this Constitution against the independence, territorial integrity, sovereignty and national unity. Chapter III The President Article 60 [Head of State, Vice Presidents] (1) The President is the head of state of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, and conducts his authorities in e (2) The President shall have two Vice Presidents, one first and one second. (3) The candidate to the Presidency on his or her candidacy shall declare the name of the Vice Presidents to the nation. (4) The Vice President in the absence, resignation, and or death of the President, acts in accordance with the provisions of this constitution. Article 61 [Direct Election] (1) The President is elected by receiving more than 50% of the votes cast through free, general, secret, and direct voting. (2) The presidential term is e (3) Elections for the new president are held within thirty, to si (4) If none of the candidates succeeds to receive more than 50% of the votes in the first round, a run-off election shall be held within two weeks. (5) In this round, only two candidates with the highest number of votes will participate. (6) In the run-off, the candidate who gets the majority of the votes shall be elected as the President. (7) In case of death of one of the candidates during the first or second round, after the elections or prior to the announcement of the results of elections, new elections shall be held in accordance with the provisions of law. (8) The elections for the post of president shall be held under the supervision of the Independent Commission supervising of the Elections. (9) This Commission shall be established to supervise all elections and referendums in the country, in accordance with the provisions of law. Тэги: английском, языке Конституция Армении2014-08-11 17:32:00+ развернуть текст сохранённая копия Конституция Армении (Республики Армении) от 5 июня 1995 г. Армянский народ, принимая за основу фундаментальные принципы армянской государственности и общенациональные цели, закрепленные в Декларации о независимости Армении, осуществив завет своих свободолюбивых предков о восстановлении суверенной государственности, будучи приверженным делу ее укрепления и развития во имя обеспечения свободы, общего благосостояния, гражданского согласия для потомков, подтверждая свою верность общечеловеческим ценностям, принимает Конституцию Республики Армения. Глава 1. Основы конституционного строя Статья 1 Республика Армения - суверенное, демократическое, социальное, правовое государство. Статья 2 Власть в Республике Армения принадлежит народу. Свою власть народ осуществляет посредством свободных выборов, референдумов, а также через предусмотренные Конституцией государственные органы, органы местного самоуправления и должностных лиц. Узурпация власти какой-либо организацией или личностью является преступлением. Статья 3 Выборы Президента, Национального собрания, органов местного самоуправления, а также референдумы Республики Армения проводятся на основе всеобщего, равного, прямого избирательного права, тайным голосованием. Статья 4 Государство обеспечивает защиту прав и свобод человека на основе Конституции и законов - в соответствии с принципами и нормами международного права. Статья 5 Государственная власть осуществляется в соответствии с Конституцией и законами - на основе принципа разделения законодательной, исполнительной и судебной властей. Государственные органы и должностные лица правомочны совершать только такие действия, на которые уполномочены законодательством. Статья 6 В Республике Армения гарантируется верховенство закона. Конституция Республики имеет высшую юридическую силу и ее нормы действуют непосредственно. Законы, признанные противоречащими Конституции, а также иные правовые акты, признанные противоречащими Конституции и законам, юридической силы не имеют. Законы применяются только после официального опубликования. Неопубликованные правовые акты, касающиеся прав, свобод и обязанностей человека, юридической силы не имеют. Заключенные от имени Республики Армения международные договоры применяются только после ратификации. Ратифицированные международные договоры являются составной частью правовой системы Республики. Если в них установлены иные нормы, чем предусмотренные в законах, то применяются нормы договора. Противоречащие Конституции международные договоры могут быть ратифицированы после внесения в Конституцию соответствующей поправки. Статья 7 В Республике Армения признается многопартийность. Партии образовываются свободно, способствуют формированию и выражению политической воли народа. Их деятельность не может противоречить Конституции и законам, а структура и образ действий - принципам демократии. Партии обеспечивают гласность своей финансовой деятельности. Статья 8 В Республике Армения признается и защищается право на собственность. Собственник по своему усмотрению владеет, пользуется и распоряжается принадлежащим ему имуществом. Реализация права на собственность не должна наносить ущерб окружающей среде, нарушать права и законные интересы других лиц, общества и государства. Государство гарантирует свободное развитие и равную правовую защиту всех форм собственности, свободу экономической деятельности, свободную экономическую конкуренцию. Статья 9 Внешняя политика Республики Армения осуществляется в соответствии с нормами международного права - в целях установления добрососедских и взаимовыгодных отношений со всеми государствами. Статья 10 Государство обеспечивает охрану и воспроизводство окружающей среды, рациональное использование природных ресурсов. Статья 11 Памятники истории и культуры, другие культурные ценности находятся под опекой и охраной государства. Республика Армения в рамках принципов и норм международного права способствует сохранению находящихся в других государствах армянских исторических и культурных ценностей, содействует развитию армянской образовательной и культурной жизни. Статья 12 Государственный язык Республики Армения - армянский. Статья 13 Флаг Республики Армения - трехцветный: с горизонтальными равномерными полосами красного, синего и оранжевого цвета. Герб Республики Армения - в центре на щите изображены гора Арарат с Ноевым ковчегом и гербами четырех царств исторической Армении. Щит поддерживают орел и лев, а под щитом изображены меч, ветвь, сноп колосьев, цепь и лента. Гимн Республики Армения - "Наша Родина". Столица Республики Армения - Ереван. Глава 2. Основные права и свободы человека и гражданина Статья 14 Порядок приобретения и прекращения гражданства Республики Армения устанавливается законом. Армяне приобретают гражданство Республики Армения в упрощенном порядке. Гражданин Республики Армения одновременно не может являться гражданином другого государства. Статья 15 Граждане независимо от национальности, расы, пола, языка, вероисповедания, политических или иных взглядов, социального происхождения, имущественного или иного состояния имеют все права, свободы и обязанности, установленные Конституцией и законами. Статья 16 Все равны перед законом и без дискриминации равным образом защищаются законом. Статья 17 Каждый имеет право на жизнь. Смертная казнь впредь до ее отмены может устанавливаться законом в качестве исключительной меры наказания за особо тяжкие преступления. Статья 18 Каждый имеет право на свободу и неприкосновенность. Человек не может быть подвергнут аресту, обыску не иначе, как в установленном законом порядке. Он может быть заключен под стражу только по решению суда - в установленном законом порядке. Статья 19 Человек не может быть подвергнут пыткам, жестокому или унижающему его достоинство обращению и наказанию. Человек без своего согласия не может быть подвергнут медицинским или научным опытам. Статья 20 Каждый имеет право на защиту своей личной и семейной жизни от незаконного вмешательства, своей чести и доброго имени от посягательств. Запрещается незаконный сбор, хранение, использование и распространение сведений о личной и семейной жизни человека. Каждый имеет право на тайну переписки, телефонных переговоров, почтовых, телеграфных и иных сообщений, которые могут быть ограничены только по решению суда. Статья 21 Каждый имеет право на неприкосновенность жилища. Запрещается проникновение против воли человека в его жилище, за исключением предусмотренных законом случаев. Жилище может быть подвергнуто обыску только по решению суда - в установленном законом порядке. Статья 22 Каждый гражданин на территории Республики имеет право на свободное передвижение и выбор места жительства. Каждый имеет право выезжать за пределы Республики. Каждый имеет право на возвращение в Республику. Статья 23 Каждый имеет право на свободу мысли, совести и вероисповедания. Свобода религии и выражения мысли может быть ограничена только законом - по предусмотренным в статье 45 Конституции основаниям. Статья 24 Каждый имеет право настаивать на своем мнении. Запрещается принуждение человека к отказу от своего мнения или его изменению. Каждый имеет право на свободу слова, включая свободу поиска, получения и распространения сведений и идей через любые средства информации, независимо от государственных границ. Статья 25 Каждый имеет право на образование с другими лицами объединений, в том числе создание профессиональных союзов и вступление в них. Каждый гражданин имеет право на создание с другими гражданами партий и вступление в них. Эти права могут быть ограничены только законом в отношении служащих Вооруженных Сил и правоохранительных органов. Человек не может быть принужден к вступлению в какую-либо партию или объединение. Статья 26 Граждане имеют право собираться мирно, без оружия, для проведения собраний, митингов, шествий и демонстраций. Статья 27 Граждане Республики Армения, достигшие возраста восемнадцать лет, имеют право непосредственно или через избранных свободным волеизъявлением своих представителей участвовать в управлении государством. Граждане, признанные решением суда недееспособными, а также приговоренные к лишению свободы по вступившему в законную силу приговору суда и отбывающие наказание, не могут избирать и быть избранными. Статья 28 Каждый имеет право на собственность и наследование. Правом собственности на землю не пользуются иностранные граждане и лица без гражданства, за исключением случаев, предусмотренных законом. Лишить собственности может только суд - в предусмотренных законом случаях. Отчуждение собственности для нужд общества и государства может быть произведено только в исключительных случаях на основании закона с предварительной равноценной компенсацией. Статья 29 Каждый гражданин имеет право на свободный выбор труда. Каждый имеет право на справедливую и не ниже установленного государством минимального размера заработную плату, удовлетворяющую требованиям безопасности и гигиены условий труда. Граждане в целях защиты своих экономических, социальных и трудовых интересов имеют право на забастовку. Порядок осуществления и ограничения этого права устанавливается законом. Статья 30 Каждый имеет право на отдых. Максимальное время труда, выходные дни и минимальная продолжительность ежегодного оплачиваемого отпуска устанавливаются законом. Статья 31 Каждый гражданин для себя и своей семьи имеет право на удовлетворительный уровень жизни, в том числе на жилье, а также на улучшение условий жизни. Государство предпринимает необходимые меры для осуществления этого права. Статья 32 Семья является естественной и основной ячейкой общества. Семья, материнство и детство находятся под опекой и защитой общества и государства. Женщины и мужчины при вступлении в брак, в ходе супружеской жизни и при разводе пользуются равными правами. Статья 33 Каждый гражданин имеет право на социальное обеспечение по старости, инвалидности, болезни, по случаю потери кормильца, безработице и в иных предусмотренных законом случаях. Статья 34 Каждый имеет право на охрану здоровья. Порядок медицинской помощи и обслуживания устанавливается законом. Государство осуществляет программы по охране здоровья населения, способствует развитию физической культуры и спорта. Статья 35 Каждый гражданин имеет право на образование. Среднее образование в государственных учебных заведениях бесплатное. Каждый гражданин имеет право на получение бесплатного высшего и иного специального образования в государственных учебных заведениях на конкурсной основе. Порядок создания и деятельности негосударственных учебных заведений устанавливается законом. Статья 36 Каждый имеет право на свободу литературного, художественного, научного и технического творчества, пользование научными достижениями и участие в культурной жизни общества. Интеллектуальная собственность охраняется законом. Статья 37 Граждане, принадлежащие к национальным меньшинствам, имеют право на сохранение своих традиций, развитие языка и культуры. Статья 38 Каждый имеет право на защиту своих прав и свобод всеми не запрещенными законом средствами. Каждый имеет право на судебную защиту своих прав и свобод, закрепленных Конституцией и законами. Статья 39 Каждый для восстановления своих нарушенных прав, а также выяснения обоснованности предъявленного ему обвинения имеет право на публичное рассмотрение своего дела в условиях равенства, с соблюдением всех требований справедливости, независимым и беспристрастным судом. Из соображений защиты общественной нравственности общества, общественного порядка, государственной безопасности, личной жизни сторон или интересов правосудия участие представителей средств информации и общественности в ходе судебного расследования или его одной части может быть запрещено законом. Статья 40 Каждый имеет право на получение юридической помощи. В случаях, предусмотренных законом, юридическая помощь оказывается бесплатно. Каждый имеет право на защитника с момента задержания, заключения под стражу или предъявления обвинения. Каждый осужденный имеет право на пересмотр приговора в вышестоящем суде в установленном законом порядке. Каждый осужденный имеет право на прошение о помиловании или смягчении назначенного наказания. Возмещение пострадавшему нанесенного ущерба обеспечивается в установленном законом порядке. Статья 41 Обвиняемый в совершении преступления считается невиновным, пока его вина не доказана в порядке, установленном законом - вступившим в законную силу приговором суда. Обвиняемый не обязан доказывать свою невиновность. Неподтвержденные подозрения толкуются в пользу обвиняемого. Статья 42 Никто не обязан давать показания против себя самого, своего супруга (супруги) и близких родственников. Законом могут быть предусмотрены другие случаи освобождения от обязанности давать показания. Запрещается использование доказательств, приобретенных с нарушением закона. Запрещается назначение наказания более строгого, чем то, которое могло быть применено по закону, действующему в момент совершения преступления. Человек не может быть признан виновным в преступлении, если по закону, действующему в момент совершения деяния, оно не считалось преступлением. Закон, устанавливающий ответственность или усиливающий ответственность, обратной силы не имеет. Статья 43 Права и свободы, закрепленные в Конституции, не являются исчерпывающими и не могут толковаться как отрицание других общепризнанных прав и свобод человека и гражданина. Статья 44 Основные права и свободы человека и гражданина, закрепленные в статьях 23-27 Конституции, могут быть ограничены только законом, если это необходимо для защиты государственной и общественной безопасности, общественного порядка, здоровья и нравственности общества, защиты прав и свобод, чести и доброго имени других лиц. Статья 45 Отдельные права и свободы человека и гражданина, за исключением указанных в статьях 17, 19, 20, 39, 41-43 Конституции, могут быть временно ограничены в установленном законом порядке в период военного положения или в случаях, предусмотренных пунктом 14 статьи 55 Конституции. Статья 46 Каждый обязан в установленном законом порядке и размере уплачивать налоги, пошлины, производить другие обязательные платежи. Статья 47 Каждый гражданин обязан в установленном законом порядке участвовать в защите Республики Армения. Статья 48 Каждый обязан соблюдать Конституцию и законы, уважать права, свободы и достоинство других лиц. Запрещается использование прав и свобод в целях насильственного свержения конституционного строя, разжигания национальной, расовой, религиозной ненависти, пропаганды насилия и войны. Глава 3. Президент Республики Статья 49 Президент Республики Армения обеспечивает соблюдение Конституции, нормальное функционирование законодательной, исполнительной и судебной властей. Президент Республики является гарантом независимости, территориальной целостности и безопасности Республики. Статья 50 Президент Республики избирается гражданами Республики Армения на пятилетний срок. Президентом Республики может быть избрано каждое лицо, достигшее тридцати пяти лет, последние десять лет являющееся гражданином Республики Армения, постоянно проживающее в Республике последние десять лет и обладающее избирательным правом. Одно и то же лицо не может быть избрано на должность Президента Республики более чем два раза подряд. Статья 51 Выборы Президента проводятся за пятьдесят дней до истечения полномочий Президента Республики в установленном Конституцией и законом порядке. Избранным Президентом Республики считается кандидат, получивший более половины голосов, поданных за кандидатов. Если голосование проводилось по более чем двум кандидатам и ни один из них не получил необходимого количества голосов, то на четырнадцатый день после голосования проводится второй тур голосования, в котором могут принять участие два кандидата, получивших наибольшее количество голосов. Избранным во втором туре считается кандидат, получивший наибольшее количество голосов. В случае, когда голосование проводится по одному кандидату, он считается избранным, если получил более половины голосов участников голосования. Тэги: английском, языке CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA2014-08-11 17:29:00+ развернуть текст сохранённая копия National Assembly of RA THE CONSTITUTION OF THE CHAPTER 1. THE FOUNDATIONS OF CONSTITUTIONAL ORDER CHAPTER 2. FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN AND CIVIL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS CHAPTER 3. THE PRESIDENT OF THE The Armenian People, recognizing as a basis the fundamental principles of the Armenian statehood and national aspirations engraved in the Declaration of Independence of Armenia, having fulfilled the sacred message of its freedom loving ancestors for the restoration of the sovereign state, committed to the strengthening and prosperity of the fatherland, to ensure the freedom, general well being and civic harmony of future generations, declaring their faithfulness to universal values, hereby adopts the Constitution of the Republic of Armenia. CHAPTER 1 THE FOUNDATIONS OF CONSTITUTIONAL ORDER Article 1 The Article 2 In the Republic of Armenia the power belongs to the people. The people exercise their power through free elections, referenda, as well as through state and local self-governing bodies and public officials as provided by the Constitution. The usurpation of power by any organization or individual constitutes a crime. Article 3 The human being, his/her dignity and the fundamental human rights and freedoms are an ultimate value. The state shall ensure the protection of fundamental human and civil rights in conformity with the principles and norms of the international law. The state shall be limited by fundamental human and civil rights as a directly applicable right. Article 4 The elections of the President of the Republic, the National Assembly and local self-government bodies, as well as referenda shall be held on the basis of the right to universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot. Article 5 The state power shall be exercised in conformity with the Constitution and the laws based on the principle of the separation and balance of the legislative, executive and judicial powers. State and local self-government bodies and public officials are competent to perform only such acts for which they are authorized by Constitution or laws. Article 6 The Constitution of the Republic has shall have supreme legal force and the norms thereof shall apply directly. The laws shall conform to the Constitution. Other legal acts shall conform to the Constitution and the laws. The laws shall come into force following the official publication in the Official Bulletin. Other normative legal acts shall come into force following the official publication in the manner prescribed by law. The international treaties shall come into force only after being ratified or approved. The international treaties are a constituent part of the legal system of the Republic of Armenia. If a ratified international treaty stipulates norms other than those stipulated in the laws, the norms of the treaty shall prevail. The international treaties not complying with the Constitution can not be ratified. The normative legal acts shall be adopted on the basis of the Constitution and laws and for the purpose of the ensuring their implementation. Article 7 The ideological pluralism and multiparty system are recognized in the Republic of Armenia. Parties are formed freely and promote the formulation and expression of the political will of the people. Their activities may not contravene the Constitution and the laws, nor may their practice contravene the principles of democracy. Parties shall ensure the openness of their financial activities. Article 8 The right to property is recognized and protected in the Republic of Armenia. Freedom of economic activity and free economic competition is guaranteed in the Republic of Armenia. Article 8.1 The church shall be separate from the state in the Republic of Armenia. The Republic of Armenia recognizes the exclusive historical mission of the Armenian Apostolic Holy Church as a national church, in the spiritual life, development of the national culture and preservation of the national identity of the people of Armenia. Freedom of activities for all religious organizations in accordance with the law shall be guaranteed in the Republic of Armenia. The relations of the Republic of Armenia and the Armenian Apostolic Holy Church may be regulated by the law. Article 8.2 The armed forces of the Republic of Armenia shall ensure security, defense and territorial integrity of the Republic of Armenia, as well as inviolability of its borders. The armed forces shall maintain neutrality in political matters and remain under civilian control. Article 9 The foreign policy of the Republic of Armenia shall be conducted in accordance with the principles and norms of the international law, with the aim of establishing good neighborly and mutually beneficial relations with all states. Article 10 The state shall ensure the protection and reproduction of the environment and the reasonable utilization of natural resources. Article 11 Historical and cultural monuments and other cultural values are under the care and protection of the state. Within the framework of the principles and norms of the international law the Republic of Armenia shall contribute to fostering relations with the Armenian Diaspora, protecting the Armenian historical and cultural values located in other countries, advancing the Armenian education and culture. Article 11.1 Regions and communities shall be the administrative-territorial units in the Republic of Armenia. Article 11.2 The Republic of Armenia guarantees the local self-governance. Article 11.3 The citizens of the Republic of Armenia shall be under the protection of the Republic of Armenia within the territory of the Republic of Armenia and beyond its borders. Armenians by birth shall acquire citizenship of the Republic of Armenia through a simplified procedure. The rights and responsibilities of citizens with dual citizenship shall be defined by law. Article 12 The state language of the Republic of Armenia is the Armenian. Article 13 The flag of the Republic of Armenia is tricolor made of three horizontal and equal strips of red, blue, and orange. The coat of arms of the Republic of Armenia depicts, in the center on a shield, Mount Ararat with Noah's ark and the coats of arms of the four kingdoms of historical Armenia. The shield is supported by a lion and an eagle while a sword, a branch, a sheaf, a chain and a ribbon are portrayed under the shield. Details of the flag and the coat of arms shall be defined by law. The national anthem of the Republic of Armenia shall be defined by law. The capital of the Republic of Armenia is Yerevan. CHAPTER 2 FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN AND CIVIL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS Article 14 Human dignity shall be respected and protected by the state as an inviolable foundation of human rights and freedoms. Article 14.1 Everyone shall be equal before the law. Any discrimination based on any ground such as sex, race, colour, ethnic or social origin, genetic features, language, religion or belief, political or any other opinion, membership of a national minority, property, birth, disability, age or other personal or social circumstances shall be prohibited. Article 15 Everyone shall have a right to life. No one shall be condemned to the death penalty or executed. Article 16 Everyone shall have a right to liberty and security. A person can be deprived of or restricted in his/her liberty by the procedure defined by law and only in the following cases: 1) a person is sentenced for committing a crime by the competent court; 2) a person has not executed a legitimate judicial act; 3) to ensure the fulfillment of certain responsibilities prescribed by the law; 4) when reasonable suspicion exists of commission of a crime or when it is necessary to prevent the commission of a crime by a person or to prevent his/her escape after the crime has been committed; 5) to establish educational control over a minor or to present him/her to the competent body; 6) to prevent the spread of infectious diseases and other social dangers posed by mental patients, persons addicted to alcohol and drugs, as well as vagrants; 7) to prevent the unauthorized entry of a person into the Republic of Armenia, as well as to deport or extradite him/her to a foreign country. Everyone who is deprived of his/her freedom shall in a language comprehensible to him/her immediately be informed of the reasons for this and of an indictment should such be brought against him/her Everyone who is deprived of his/her freedom shall have a right to immediately notify this to any person chosen by him/her. If the arrested person is not detained within 72 hours by the court decision he/she must be released immediately. Every person shall have the right to recover damages in case when he/she has illegally been deprived of freedom or subjected to search on the grounds and by the procedure defined by the law. Every person shall have the right to appeal to a higher instance court against the lawfulness and reasons for depriving him/her of freedom or subjecting to search. No one shall be deprived of freedom for not honoring his/her civil and legal obligations. No one shall be subjected to search otherwise than in conformity with the procedure prescribed by the law. Article 17 No one shall be subjected to torture, as well as to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Arrested, detained or incarcerated persons shall be entitled to human treatment and respect of dignity. No one shall be subjected to scientific, medical and other experiments without his/her consent. Article 18 Everyone shall be entitled to effective legal remedies to protect his/her rights and freedoms before judicial as well as other public bodies. Everyone shall have a right to protect his/her rights and freedoms by any means not prohibited by the law. Everyone shall be entitled to have the support of the Human Rights’ Defender for the protection of his/her rights and freedoms on the grounds and in conformity with the procedure prescribed by law. Everyone shall in conformity with the international treaties of the Republic of Armenia be entitled to apply to the international institutions protecting human rights and freedoms with a request to protect his/her rights and freedoms. Article 19 Everyone shall have a right to restore his/her violated rights, and to reveal the grounds of the charge against him/her in a fair public hearing under the equal protection of the law and fulfilling all the demands of justice by an independent and impartial court within a reasonable time”. The representatives of the mass media and the public may be excluded from all or part of the trial in the interests of morals, public order, national security, protection of the private life of the participants, or if the administration of justice so require. Article 20 Everyone shall be entitled to legal assistance. In cases prescribed by the law the legal assistance shall be provided at the expense of the state resources. Everyone shall have a right to the assistance of a legal defender chosen by him/her starting from the moment of his/her arrest, subjection to a security measure or indictment. Every convicted person shall have the right to review of the judgment passed on him/her by a higher instance court in conformity with the procedure prescribed by the law. Every convicted person shall have a right to request pardon or mitigation of the punishment. All damages incurred by the victim shall be compensated in conformity with the procedure prescribed by the law. Article 21 Everyone charged with a criminal offence shall be presumed innocent until proved guilty by the court judgment lawfully entered into force as prescribed by law. The defendant shall not be obliged to prove his/her innocence. The remaining suspicions shall be interpreted in favor of the defendant. Article 22 No one shall be obliged to testify about himself/herself, his/her spouse or close relatives. The law may prescribe other cases of release from the obligation to testify. The use of illegally obtained evidence is prohibited. Imposing of a heavier punishment than the one prescribed by the law in effect at the time when the crime was committed shall be prohibited. No one shall be held guilty for a crime on account of any act which did not constitute a crime under the law in effect at the time when it was committed. The law eliminating or mitigating the punishment for the offence shall be retroactive. The law prescribing or increasing liability shall not be retroactive. No one shall be tried twice for one and the same act. Article 23 Everyone shall have the right to respect for his private and family life. The collection, maintenance, use or dissemination of any information about the person other than that stipulated by the law without the person’s consent shall be prohibited. The use and dissemination of information relating to the person for purposes contravening the aims of their collection or not provided for by the law shall be prohibited. Everyone shall have the right to become acquainted with the data concerning him/her available in the state and local self-government bodies. Everyone shall have the right to correction of any non-verified information and elimination of the illegally obtained information about him/her. Everyone shall have the right to secrecy of correspondence, telephone conversations, mail, telegraph and other communications, which may be restricted only by court decision in cases and in conformity with the procedure prescribed by the law. Article 24 Everyone shall have the right of inviolability of the residence. Breaking into a person’s residence against his/her will shall be prohibited save in cases prescribed by the law. The place of residence can be searched only by the decision of the court in cases and in conformity with the procedure prescribed by law. Article 25 Everyone legally residing in the Republic Armenia shall have the right to freedom of movement and choice of residence in the territory of the Republic Armenia. Everyone shall have a right to leave the Republic of Armenia. Every citizen and everyone legally residing in the Republic of Armenia shall have the right to return to the Republic of Armenia. Article 26 Everyone shall have the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. This right includes freedom to change the religion or belief and freedom to, either alone or in community with others manifest the religion or belief, through preaching, church ceremonies and other religious rites. The exercise of this right may be restricted only by law in the interests of the public security, health, morality or the protection of rights and freedoms of others. Article 27 Everyone shall have the right to freely express his/her opinion. No one shall be forced to recede or change his/her opinion. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression including freedom to search for, receive and impart information and ideas by any means of information regardless of the state frontiers. Freedom of mass media and other means of mass information shall be guaranteed. The state shall guarantee the existence and activities of an independent and public radio and television service offering a variety of informational, cultural and entertaining programs. Article 27.1 Everyone shall have the right to submit letters and recommendations to the authorized public and local self-government bodies for the protection of his/her private and public interests and the right to receive appropriate answers to them in a reasonable time. Article 28 Everyone shall have the right to freedom of association with others, including the right to form and to join trade unions. Every citizen shall have a right to form political parties with other citizens and join such parties. The rights to form parties and trade unions and join them may be restricted in a manner prescribed by law for the employees in the armed forces, police, national security, prosecutor’s office, as well as judges and members of the Constitutional Court. No one shall be compelled to join any political party or association. The activities of associations can be suspended or prohibited only through judicial procedure and in cases prescribed by the law. Article 29 Everyone shall have the right to freedom of peaceful and unarmed assembly. Restrictions on exercising these rights by the employees in the armed forces, police, national security, prosecutor’s office, bodies as well as judges and members of the Constitutional Court may be prescribed only by the law. Article 30 Eighteen-year old citizens of the Republic of Armenia have the right to take part in the elections and referenda as well as the right to take part in the public administration and local self-governance through their representatives chosen directly and through the expression of free will. The law may define the right of suffrage for the elections of the bodies of local self-government and for the local referenda for persons who are not citizens of the Republic of Armenia. Citizens found to be incompetent by a court decision, duly sentenced to prison or serving the sentence, shall not be entitled to vote or be elected. Article 30.1 A child born of citizens of the Republic of Armenia, shall be a citizen of the Republic of Armenia. Every child whose one parent a citizen of the Republic of Armenia, shall have the right to citizenship of the Republic of Armenia. The procedure for being granted or terminating the citizenship of the Republic of Armenia shall be defined by the law. No person may be deprived of citizenship of the Republic of Armenia, or the right to change citizenship. A citizen of the Republic of Armenia may not be extradited to a foreign state save for cases stipulated in the international treaties ratified by the Republic of Armenia. The rights and responsibilities of the persons having dual citizenship shall be defined by the law. Article 30.2 All citizens shall have the right to equal access to public service in conformity with the procedure prescribed by the law. The principles of and the procedure for the organizational aspects of public service shall be defined by law. Article 31 Everyone shall have the right to freely own, use, dispose of and bequeath the property belonging to him/her. The right to property shall not be exercised to cause damage to the environment or infringe on the rights and lawful interests of other persons, the society and the state. No one shall be deprived of property except for cases prescribed by law in conformity with the judicial procedure. The private property may be alienated for the needs of the society and the state only in exclusive cases of prevailing public interests, in the manner prescribed by the law and with prior equivalent compensation. Foreign citizens and non-citizens shall not enjoy the right to land ownership except for cases prescribed by the law The intellectual property shall be protected by the law. Article 31.1 The state shall protect the interests of consumers, take measures prescribed by the law to exercise quality control over goods, services and works Article 32 Everyone shall have the freedom to choose his/her occupation. Everyone shall have the right to fair remuneration in the amount no less than the minimum set by the law, as well as the right to working conditions in compliance with the safety and hygiene requirements. The employees shall have the right to strike for the protection of their economic, social and employment interests, the procedure and limitations thereof shall be prescribed by the law. The children under the age of 16 shall not be allowed to work full time. The procedure and conditions for their hiring to a part-time job shall be defined by the law. Compulsory employment shall be prohibited. Article 33 Everyone shall have the right to rest. The law shall define the maximum working hours, holidays, as well as the minimum length of annual leave. Article 33.1 Everyone shall have the right to freedom of enterprise not prohibited by law. Abuse of monopoly or dominant position in the market and bad-faith competition shall be prohibited. Restriction of competition, possible forms of monopoly and their permitted sizes may be prescribed by the law. Article 33.2 Everyone shall have the right to live in an environment favorable to his/her health and well-being and shall be obliged to protect and improve it in person or jointly with others. The public officials shall be held responsible for hiding information on environmental issues and denying access to it. Article 34 Everyone shall have the right to a standard of living adequate for himself/herself and for his/her family, including housing as well as improvement of living conditions. The state shall take the necessary measures for the exercise of this right by the citizens. Article 35 The family is the natural and fundamental cell of the society. Men and women of marriageable age have the right to marry and found a family according to their free will. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and divorse. Dismissal for reasons connected with maternity is prohibited. Everyone woman-employee shall, in case of pregnancy and childbirth, have the right to paid maternity leave and parental leave following the birth or adoption of a child. Article 36 Parents shall have the right and obligation to take care of the education, health of as well as the full and harmonious development of their children. No one may be deprived of or restricted in his/her parental rights save by the decision of the court in conformity with the procedure prescribed by the law. Adult capable persons are obliged to take care of their parents who are incapacitated and in need of such care. Article 37 Everyone shall have the right to social security during old age, disability, loss of bread-winner, unemployment and other cases prescribed by the law. The extent and forms of social security shall be prescribed by the law. Article 38 Everyone shall have the right to benefit from medical aid and service under the conditions prescribed by the law. Everyone shall have the right to free of charge benefit from basic medical aid and services. The list and the procedure of the services shall be prescribed by the law. Article 39 Everyone shall have a right to education. Basic general education shall be compulsory except the cases prescribed by law. The law may establish a higher level of compulsory education. The secondary education in state educational institutions is free of charge. The law shall define the principles of autonomy in higher educational institutions. The procedures for establishing and operations of educational institutions shall be defined by the law. All citizens shall have the right to free higher and professional education in state higher and other professional educational institutions on the basis of competition as prescribed by the law. In cases and in conformity with the procedure prescribed by law the state shall provide financial and other assistance to institutions conducting higher and other professional education programs, as well as their students. Article 40 Everyone shall have the right to freedom of literary, aesthetic, scientific and technical creation, to make use of the scientific advancement and to participate in the cultural life of the society. Article 41 Everyone shall have the right to preserve his or her national and ethnic identity. Persons belonging to national minorities shall have the right to preservation and development of their traditions, religion, language and culture. Article 42 The fundamental human and civil rights and freedoms stipulated in the Constitution shall not exclude the other rights and freedoms prescribed by laws and international treaties. Everyone shall have the right to act in a way not prohibited by the law and not violating others’ rights and freedoms. No one shall bear obligations not stipulated by the law. The laws and other legal acts exacerbating the legal status of an individual shall not be retroactive. The legal acts improving the legal status of an individual, eliminating or mitigating his/her liability shall be retroactive if prescribed by the acts in question. Article 42.1 The fundamental human and civil rights and freedoms shall apply to legal persons to the extent these fundamental rights and freedoms are applicable to them. Article 43 The fundamental human and civil rights and freedoms set forth in Articles 23-25, 27, 28-30, 30.1, Part 3 of Article 32 may be temporarily restricted only by the law if it is necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security, public order, crime prevention, protection of public health and morality, constitutional rights and freedoms, as well as honor and reputation of others. Limitations on fundamental human and civil rights and freedoms may not exceed the scope defined by the international commitments assumed by the Republic of Armenia. Article 44 Special categories of fundamental human and civil rights, except for those stipulated in Articles 15, 17-22 and 42 of the Constitution may be temporarily restricted as prescribed by the law in case of martial law or state of emergency within the scope of the assumed international commitments on deviating from commitments in cases of emergency. Article 45 Everyone shall be obliged to pay taxes, duties and other compulsory fees in conformity with the procedure prescribed by the law. Article 46 Every citizen shall be obliged to take part in the defense of the Republic of Armenia in conformity with the procedure prescribed by the law. Article 47 Everyone shall be obliged to honor the Constitutions and laws, to respect the rights, freedoms and dignity of others. The exercise of the rights and freedoms with the purpose of overthrow of the constitutional order, incitement to national, racial and religious hatred, propaganda of violence or warfare shall be prohibited. Article 48 The basic tasks of the state in the economic, social and cultural spheres are: 1) to protect and patronage the family, the motherhood and the childhood; 2) to contribute to the employment for the population and the improvement of working conditions; 3) to foster housing construction, to contribute to the improvement of every citizen’s housing conditions 4) to implement health care programs for the population and contribute to the effective and affordable medical service for the population; 5) to contribute to the involvement of the youth in the political, economic and cultural life of the country; 6) to promote the physical culture and sport; 7) to carry out a policy of preventive care, treatment and integration of the handicapped ; 8) to support the development of free of charge higher and vocational education; 9) to support the development of science and culture; 10) to pursue the environmental security policy for present and future generations; 11) to support the free access for each person to national and universal values; 12) to ensure decent living standard for old persons. The state shall, within the scope of its possibilities, be obliged to undertake necessary measures for the fulfillment of the purposes prescribed in this Article. CHAPTER 3 THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA Article 49 The President of the Republic of Armenia shall be the head of the state. The President of the Republic shall strive to uphold the Constitution and to ensure the regular functioning of the legislative, executive and judicial powers. The President of the Republic shall be the guarantor of the independence, territorial integrity and security of the Republic of Armenia. Article 50 The President of the Republic shall be elected by the citizens of the Republic of Armenia for a five year term of office. Every person having attained the age of thirty five, having been a citizen of the Republic of Armenia for the preceding ten years, having permanently resided in the Republic for the preceding ten years, and having the right to vote is eligible to be elected as President of the Republic. The same person may not be elected for the post of the President of the Republic for more than two consecutive terms. Article 51 The election of the President of the Republic shall be held fifty days prior to the expiration of his/her term of office in conformity with the procedure defined by the Constitution and the law. Тэги: английском, языке Constitution Argentina2014-08-11 17:22:00+ развернуть текст сохранённая копия
Constitution Preamble We, the representatives of the people of the Argentine Nation, gathered in General Constituent Assembly by the will and election of the Provinces which compose it, in fulfillment of pre-existing pacts, in order to form a national union, guarantee justice, secure domestic peace, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves, to our posterity, and to all men of the world who wish to dwell on argentine soil: invoking the protection of God, source of all reason and justice: do ordain, decree, and establish this Constitution for the Argentine Nation. [Part I] First Part Chapter I Declarations, Rights, and Guarantees Section 1 [] The Argentine Nation adopts the federal republican representative form of government, as this Constitution establishes. Section 2 [] The Federal Government supports the Roman Catholic Apostolic religion. Section 3 [] The authorities in charge of the Federal Government shall reside in the city to be declared Capital of the Republic by a special law of Congress, once settled the cession of the territory to be federalized by one or more provincial legislatures. Section 4 [] The Federal Government provides for the expenditures of the Nation with the funds of the National Treasury, composed of the proceeds of export and import duties, the sale or lease of lands owned by the Nation, the revenues of the Posts, other taxes equitably and proportionally levied on the population by the National Congress, and of whatever loans and credit transactions Congress may order in case of national emergencies or for enterprises of national interest. Section 5 [] Each province shall enact its own constitution under the republican, representative system, in accordance with the principles, declarations, and guarantees of the National Constitution, ensuring its administration of justice, municipal regime, and elementary education. Under these conditions, the Federal Government shall guarantee each province the full exercise of its institutions. Section 6 [] The Federal Government may intervene in the territory of the provinces in order to guarantee the republican form of government or to repel foreign invasions; and at the request of their constituted authorities, it may intervene to support or reestablish them, should they have been deposed by sedition or invasion from another province. Section 7 [] The public acts and judicial proceedings of one province are worthy of full faith in the others; and Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts and proceedings shall be proved and the legal effects thereof. Section 8 [] The citizens of each province shall be entitled to all rights, privileges, and immunities inherent in the condition of citizen in the other provinces. The extradition of criminals is a reciprocal obligation among all the provinces. Section 9 [] Throughout the territory of the Nation there shall be no other Customs than the national ones, in which the tariffs enacted by Congress shall be in force. Section 10 [] The circulation of goods of national production or manufacture is free from duties throughout the Republic, as well as the circulation of articles and merchandise of all kinds cleared in the national Customs. Section 11 [] Goods of national or foreign production or manufacture, as well as livestock of all kinds, that may pass through the territory of one province to another, shall be free from the so called transit duties, the same as the carriages, vessels or beasts in or on which they are transported; and no other duty, whatever its name may be, shall be imposed on them by reason of their passing through the territory. Section 12 [] Vessels sailing from one province to another shall not be bound to enter, anchor, or pay transit duties; and no preference shall be granted in any case to any port in respect of another, by means of trading laws or regulations. Section 13 [] New provinces may be admitted into the Nation; but a new province shall neither be established within the territory of another province or provinces, nor be formed from several, without the consent of the legislatures of the provinces concerned as well as that of Congress. Section 14 [] All the inhabitants of the Nation are entitled to the following rights, in accordance with the laws that regulate their exercise, namely: to work and perform any lawful industry; to navigate and trade; to petition the authorities; to enter, remain in, travel through, and leave the Argentine territory; to publish their ideas through the press without previous censorship; to make use and dispose of their property; to associate for useful purposes; to profess freely their religion; to teach and to learn. Section 14bis [] (1) Labor in its several forms shall be protected by law, which shall ensure to workers: dignified and equitable working conditions; limited working hours; paid rest and vacations; fair remuneration; minimum vital and adjustable wage; equal pay for equal work; participation in the profits of enterprises, with control of production and collaboration in the management; protection against arbitrary dismissal; stability of the civil servant; free and democratic labor union organizations recognized by the mere registration in a special record. (2) Trade unions are hereby guaranteed: the right to enter into collective labor bargains; to resort to conciliation and arbitration; the right to strike. Union representatives shall have the guarantees necessary for carrying out their union tasks and those related to the stability of their employment. (3) The State shall grant the benefits of social security, which shall be of an integral nature and may not be waived. In particular, the laws shall establish: compulsory social insurance, which shall be in charge of national or provincial entities with financial and economic autonomy, administered by the interested parties with State participation, with no overlapping of contributions; adjustable retirements and pensions; full family protection; protection of homestead; family allowances and access to a worthy housing. Section 15 [] In the Argentine Nation there are no slaves: the few who still exist shall become free as from the swearing of his Constitution; and a special law shall regulate whatever compensation this declaration may give rise to. Any contract for the purchase and sale of persons is a crime for which the parties shall be liable, as well as the notary or officer authorizing it. And slaves who by any means enter the nation shall be free by the mere fact of entering the territory of the Republic. Section 16 [] The Argentine Nation admits neither blood nor birth prerogatives: there are neither personal privileges nor titles of nobility. All its inhabitants are equal before the law, and admissible to employment without any other requirement than their ability. Equality is the basis of taxation and public burdens. Section 17 [] Property may not be violated, and no inhabitant of the Nation can be deprived of it except by virtue of a sentence based on law. Expropriation for reasons of public interest must be authorized by law and previously compensated. Only Congress levies the taxes mentioned in Section 4. No personal service can be requested except by virtue of a law or sentence based on law. Every author or inventor is the exclusive owner of his work, invention, or discovery for the term granted by law. The confiscation of property is hereby abolished forever from the Argentine Criminal Code. No armed body may make requisitions nor demand assistance of any kind. Section 18 [] No inhabitant of the Nation may be punished without previous trial based on a law enacted before the act that gives rise to the process, nor tried by special committees, nor removed from the judges appointed by law before the act for which he is tried. Nobody may be compelled to testify against himself, nor be arrested except by virtue of a written warrant issued by a competent authority. The defense by trial of persons and rights may not be violated. The domicile may not be violated, as well as the written correspondence and private papers; and a law shall determine in which cases and for what reasons their search and occupation shall be allowed. Death penalty for political causes, any kind of tortures and whipping, are forever abolished. The prisons of the Nation shall be healthy and clean, for the security and not for the punishment of the prisoners confined therein; and any measure taken with the pretext of precaution which may lead to mortify them beyond the demands of security, shall render liable the judge who authorizes it. Section 19 [] The private actions of men which in no way offend public order or morality, nor injure a third party, are only reserved to God and are exempted from the authority of judges. No inhabitant of the Nation shall be obliged to perform what the law does not demand nor deprived of what it does not prohibit. Section 20 [] Foreigners enjoy within the territory of the Nation all the civil rights of citizens; they may exercise their industry, trade and profession; own real property, buy and sell it; navigate the rivers and coasts; practice freely their religion; make wills and marry under the laws. They are not obliged to accept citizenship nor to pay extraordinary compulsory taxes. They may obtain naturalization papers residing two uninterrupted years in the Nation; but the authorities may shorten this term in favor of those so requesting it, alleging and proving services rendered to the Republic. Section 21 [] Every Argentine citizen is obliged to bear arms in defense of the fatherland and of this Constitution, in accordance with the laws issued by Congress and the Decrees of the National Executive Power to this effect. Citizens by naturalization are free to render or not this service for a period of ten years as from the date they obtain naturalization papers. Section 22 [] The people neither deliberate nor govern except through their representatives and authorities established by this Constitution. Any armed force or meeting of persons assuming the rights of the people and petitioning in their name, commits the crime of sedition. Section 23 [] In the event of domestic disorder or foreign attack endangering the full enforcement of this Constitution and of the authorities hereby established, the province or territory which is in a turmoil shall be declared in state of siege and the constitutional guarantees shall be suspended therein. But during such a suspension the President of the Republic shall not pronounce judgment or apply penalties on his own. In such case, his power shall be limited, with respect to persons, to their arrest or transfer from one place of the Nation to another, should they not prefer to leave the Argentine territory. Section 24 [] Congress shall promote the reform of the present legislation in all its branches, and the establishment of trial by jury. Section 25 [] The Federal Government shall foster European immigration; and may not restrict, limit or burden with any tax whatsoever, the entry into the Argentine territory of foreigners who arrive for the purpose of tilling the soil, improving industries, and introducing and teaching arts and sciences. Section 26 [] Navigation of the inland rivers of the Nation is free for all flags, only subject to the regulations issued by the national authority. Section 27 [] The Federal Government is under the obligation to strengthen its relationships of peace and trade with foreign powers, by means of treaties in accordance with the principles of public law laid down by this Constitution. Section 28 [] The principles, guarantees and rights recognized in the preceding sections shall not be modified by the laws that regulate their enforcement. Section 29 [] Congress may not vest on the National Executive Power - nor may the provincial legislatures vest on the provincial governors - extraordinary powers or the total public authority; it may not grant acts of submission or supremacy whereby the life, honor, or wealth of the Argentine people will be at the mercy of governments or any person whatsoever. Acts of this nature shall be utterly void, and shall render those who formulate them, consent to them or sign them, liable to be condemned as infamous traitors to their fatherland. Section 30 [] The Constitution may be totally or partially amended. The necessity of reform must be declared by Congress with the vote of at least two-thirds of the members; but it shall not be carried out except by an Assembly summoned to that effect. Section 31 [] This Constitution, the laws of the Nation enacted by Congress in pursuance thereof, and treaties with foreign powers, are the supreme law of the Nation; and the authorities of each province are bound thereby, notwithstanding any provision to the contrary included in the provincial laws or constitutions, except for the province of Buenos Aires, the treaties ratified after the Pact of November 11, 1859. Section 32 [] The Federal Congress shall not enact laws restricting the freedom of printing or establishing federal jurisdiction over it. Section 33 [] The declarations, rights and guarantees which the Constitution enumerates shall not be construed as a denial of other rights and guarantees not enumerated, but rising from the principle of sovereignty of the people and from the republican form of government. Section 34 [] The judges of the federal courts cannot at the same time hold an office in the provincial courts. The federal service, whether civil or military, shall not grant a right of residence in the province in which it is performed unless it is where the employee habitually resides, this provision being understood as pertaining to the right to choose employments in the province in which he accidentally happens to be. Section 35 [] The denominations successively adopted from 1810 up to the present, namely: "United Provinces of the River Plate"; "Argentine Republic"; "Argentine Confederation", shall henceforth be official names to be indistinctly used for the designation of the government and territory of the provinces, the words "Argentine Nation" being used in the making and enactment of laws. Chapter II New Rights and Guarantees Section 36 [] (1) This Constitution shall rule even when its observance is interrupted by acts of force against the institutional order and the democratic system. These acts shall be irreparably null. (2) Their authors shall be punished with the penalty foreseen in Section 29, disqualified in perpetuity from holding public offices and excluded from the benefits of pardon and commutation of sentences. (3) Those who, as a consequence of these acts, were to assume the powers foreseen for the authorities of this Constitution or for those of the provinces, shall be punished with the same penalties and shall be civil and criminally liable for their acts. The respective actions shall not be subject to prescription. (4) All citizens shall have the right to oppose resistance to those committing the acts of force stated in this section. (5) He who, procuring personal enrichment, incurs in serious fraudulent offense against the Nation shall also attempt against the democratic system, and shall be disqualified to hold public office for the term specified by law. (6) Congress shall enact a law on public ethics which shall rule the exercise of public office. Section 37 [] (1) This Constitution guarantees the full exercise of political rights, in accordance with the principle of popular sovereignty and with the laws derived therefrom. Suffrage shall be universal, equal, secret and compulsory. (2) Actual equality of opportunities for men and women to elective and political party positions shall be guaranteed by means of positive actions in the regulation of political parties and in the electoral system. Section 38 [] (1) Political parties are basic institutions of the democratic system. (2) This Constitution guarantees the free establishment and exercise of their activities, as well as their democratic organization and performance, representation of minority groups, competition for those standing as candidates for elective public positions, access to public information and communication of their ideas. (3) The State contributes to the economic support of their activities and the training of their leaders. (4) Political parties shall make public the source and destiny of their funds and assets. Section 39 [] (1) Citizens shall have the right to introduce bills before the House of Deputies. Congress shall consider them within the term of twelve months. (2) Congress shall enact, with the vote of the absolute majority of all the members of each House, a regulatory law that cannot demand more than three per cent of the national voters register, which shall be consistent with an adequate territorial distribution in order to support the initiative. (3) Bills referring to constitutional reform, international treaties, taxation, budget, and criminal legislation shall not originate in popular initiatives. Section 40 [] (1) At the initiative of the House of Deputies, Congress may submit a bill to popular consultation. The law calling said consultation shall not be vetoed. With the affirmative vote of the people of the Nation, the bill shall become a law and its promulgation shall be automatic. (2) Congress or the President of the Nation, according to their respective powers, shall call a non-binding popular consultation. In this case voting shall not be compulsory. (3) With the vote of the absolute majority of all the members of each House, Congress shall regulate the subjects, procedures and time of the popular consultation. Section 41 [] (1) All inhabitants are entitled to the right to a healthy and balanced environment fit for human development in order that productive activities shall meet present needs without endangering those of future generations; and shall have the duty to preserve it. As a first priority, environmental damage shall bring about the obligation to repair it according to law. (2) The authorities shall provide for the protection of this right, the rational use of natural resources, the preservation of the natural and cultural heritage and of the biological diversity, and shall also provide for environmental information and education. (3) The Nation shall regulate the minimum protection standards, and the provinces those necessary to reinforce them, without altering their local jurisdictions. (4) The entry into the national territory of present or potential dangerous wastes, and of radioactive ones, is forbidden. Section 42 [] (1) As regards consumption, consumers and users of goods and services have the right to the protection of their health, safety, and economic interests; to adequate and truthful information; to freedom of choice and equitable and reliable treatment. (2) The authorities shall provide for the protection of said rights, the education for consumption, the defense of competition against any kind of market distortions, the control of natural and legal monopolies, the control of quality and efficiency of public utilities, and the creation of consumer and user associations. (3) Legislation shall establish efficient procedures for conflict prevention and settlement, as well as regulations for national public utilities. Such legislation shall take into account the necessary participation of consumer and user associations and of the interested provinces in the control entities. Section 43 [] (1) Any person shall file a prompt and summary proceeding regarding constitutional guarantees, provided there is no other legal remedy, against any act or omission of the public authorities or individuals which currently or imminently may damage, limit, modify or threaten rights and guarantees recognized by this Constitution, treaties or laws, with open arbitrariness or illegality. In such case, the judge may declare that the act or omission is based on an unconstitutional rule. (2) This summary proceeding against any form of discrimination and about rights protecting the environment, competition, users and consumers, as well as about rights of general public interest, shall be filed by the damaged party, the ombudsman and the associations which foster such ends registered according to a law determining their requirements and organization forms. (3) Any person shall file this action to obtain information on the data about himself and their purpose, registered in public records or data bases, or in private ones intended to supply information; and in case of false data or discrimination, this action may be filed to request the suppression, rectification, confidentiality or updating of said data. The secret nature of the sources of journalistic information shall not be impaired. (4) When the right damaged, limited, modified, or threatened affects physical liberty, or in case of an illegitimate worsening of procedures or conditions of detention, or of forced missing of persons, the action of habeas corpus shall be filed by the party concerned or by any other person on his behalf, and the judge shall immediately make a decision even under state of siege. [Part II] Second Part Authorities of the Nation Title I Federal Government [Subtitle I] First Division: Legislative Power [Chapter 0 General Provision] Section 44 [Legislative Power] The Legislative Power of the Nation shall be vested in a Congress composed of two Houses, one of Deputies of the Nation and the other of Senators for the provinces and for the City of Buenos Aires. Chapter I The House of Deputies Section 45 [] The House of Deputies shall be composed of representatives directly elected by the people of the provinces, of the City of Buenos Aires, and of the Capital City in case of its moving, which for this purpose are considered as constituencies of a single state, and by simple plurality of votes. The number of representatives shall be one for every thirty-three thousand inhabitants or fraction not under sixteen thousand five hundred inhabitants. After each census, Congress shall establish the representation in accordance with the same, being empowered to increase but not to decrease the basis indicated for each deputy. Section 46 [] The deputies for the first legislative session shall be appointed in the following proportion: for the province of Buenos Aires, twelve; for that of Cуrdoba, six; for that of Catamarca, three; for that of Corrientes, four; for that of Entre Rнos, two; for that of Jujuy, two; for that of Mendoza, three; for that of La Rioja, two; for that of Salta, three; for that of Santiago, four; for that of San Juan, two; for that of Santa Fe, two; for that of San Luis, two; and for that of Tucumбn, three. Section 47 [] For the second legislative session a general census shall be carried out and the number of deputies shall be arranged according thereto; but this census shall only be renewed every ten years. Section 48 [] In order to be a deputy it is necessary to have attained to the age of 25 years; to have been four years a fully qualified citizen; and to be a native of the province electing him or to have two years of immediate residence therein. Section 49 [] On this occasion, the Legislatures of the provinces shall regulate the means to hold the direct election of the deputies of the Nation; in the future, Congress shall enact a general law. Section 50 [] Deputies shall hold office for a term of four years and may be re-elected; but the House shall be renewed by halves every two years; for this purpose those elected for the first legislative session, after meeting, shall draw lots to decide those who shall leave after the first period. Section 51 [] In case of vacancy, the Government of the province or of the Capital City shall proceed to call a legal election for a new member. Section 52 [] All bills for raising revenue and for the recruitment of troops shall exclusively originate in the House of Deputies. Section 53 [] Only the House of Deputies has the power to impeach before the Senate the President, the Vice-President, the Chief of the Ministerial Cabinet, the Ministers, and the Justices of the Supreme Court, in such cases of responsibility as are brought against them for misconduct or crimes committed in the fulfillment of their duties; or for ordinary crimes, after having known about them and after the decision to bring an action had been voted by a majority of two-thirds of its members present. Chapter II The Senate Section 54 [] The Senate shall be composed of three senators for each province, and three for the City of Buenos Aires, jointly and directly elected, corresponding two seats to the political party obtaining the majority of votes, and the other seat to the political party following in number of votes. Each senator shall have one vote. Section 55 [] In order to be elected senator the following conditions are required: to have attained to the age of 30 years, to have been six years a citizen of the Nation, to have an annual income of two thousand strong pesos or similar revenues, and to be a native of the province electing him or to have two years of immediate residence therein. Section 56 [] Senators shall hold office for a term of six years and may be indefinitely re-elected; but the Senate shall be renewed by one-third of the constituencies every two years. Section 57 [] The Vice-President of the Nation shall be President of the Senate; but he shall have no vote unless in case of equality of votes. Section 58 [] The Senate shall appoint a President pro tempore to preside it in case of absence of the Vice-President, or when he holds the office of President of the Nation. Section 59 [] The Senate is empowered to judge in public trial those impeached by the House of Deputies, its members being on oath for the case. When the President of the Nation is impeached, the Senate shall be presided by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. No person shall be declared guilty without the majority of two-thirds of the members present. Section 60 [] The judgment shall not extend further than to remove the accused person from office, and to disqualify him to hold any office of honor, trust, or profit in the Nation. But the party declared guilty shall, nevertheless, be subject to accusation, trial, and punishment according to law before the ordinary courts. Section 61 [] In case of foreign attack, the Senate is also empowered to authorize the President of the Nation to declare in state of siege one or several places of the Republic. Section 62 [] When any vacancy occurs in the Senate because of death, resignation or other cause, the government to which the vacancy belongs shall immediately call an election for a new member. Chapter III Povisions applicable to both Houses Section 63 [] Both Houses shall assemble, on their own account, every year in ordinary legislative session from March 1 until November 30. The President of the Nation may convoke to extraordinary legislative session or extend the ordinary one. Section 64 [] Each House shall be the judge of the elections, rights and qualifications of its members, as regards their validity. Neither of them shall meet without the absolute majority of its members; but a smaller number may compel the absent members to attend the meetings, in the terms and under the penalties as each House may provide. Section 65 [] Both Houses begin and conclude their legislative session simultaneously. Neither of them, while they sit, shall adjourn its meetings for more than three days without the consent of the other. Section 66 [] Each House shall make its rules of proceedings, and with the concurrence of two-thirds may correct any one of its members for disorderly behavior in the exercise of his duties, or can remove him on account of physical or moral disability occurring after his admission, and may even expel him from the body; but a majority of one more than the half of those present shall be enough to decide on voluntary resignations from office. Section 67 [] Senators and deputies, on assuming office, shall take an oath to duly perform their duties and to act in all matters in accordance with the provisions herein established. Section 68 [] No member of Congress shall be accused, judicially examined, or disturbed for opinions expressed or speeches delivered by him while holding office as legislator. Section 69 [] No senator or deputy shall be arrested as from the day of his election until the expiration of his term, except when flagrantly surprised committing a crime deserving capital punishment or other infamous or serious punishment, in which case a summary report of the facts shall be submitted the corresponding House. Section 70 [] When a written complaint is filed before the ordinary courts against any senator or deputy, once examined if there is enough evidence in a public trial, each House may, with the concurrence of two-thirds of the votes, suspend the accused party from his office and place him under the jurisdiction of the competent court to be judged. Section 71 [] Either House shall summon the Ministers of the Executive Power to receive such explanations or reports as it may deem necessary. Section 72 [] No member of Congress shall be appointed to any civil office or commission under the Executive Power, without the previous consent of the respective House, except for employments subject to promotions. Section 73 [] Neither the regular members of the clergy nor governors in representation of their own provinces, may be members of Congress. Section 74 [] The senators and deputies shall receive a remuneration for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of the Nation. Chapter VI Powers of Congress Section 75 [] Congress is empowered: 1. To legislate about national Customs. To lay import and export duties that shall be uniform throughout the Nation as well as the valuations on which they are assessed. 2. To levy indirect taxes as a power concurrent with the provinces. To levy direct taxes for a specified term and proportionally equal throughout the national territory, provided that the defense, common security and general welfare of the State so require it. The taxes under this subsection are subject to joint participation, except for those which, in part or in all, have specific allocation. An agreement-law based on understandings between the Nation and the provinces shall establish systems of joint participation for these taxes, guaranteeing the automatic remittance of funds. The distribution among the Nation, the provinces and the City of Buenos Aires, and among themselves, shall be carried out in direct relation to the jurisdictions, services and functions of each one of them taking into account objective sharing criteria; it shall be based on principles of equity and solidarity giving priority to the achievement of a similar degree of development, of living standards and equal opportunities throughout the national territory. The agreement-law shall originate in the Senate and shall be enacted with the absolute majority of all the members of each House; it shall be neither unilaterally amended nor regulated, and shall be approved by the provinces. There shall be no transfer of jurisdictions, services or functions without the corresponding reallocation of funds approved by a law of Congress, when appropriate, and by the interested province or the City of Buenos Aires, as the case may be. A federal fiscal body shall be in charge of the control and monitoring of what is laid down in this subsection, according to the law which shall guarantee the representation of all the provinces and of the City of Buenos Aires as regards its composition. 3. To set and modify specific allocations that may be subject to joint participation, for a specified term, by a special law enacted with the absolute majority of all the members of each House. 4. To borrow money on the credit of the Nation. 5. To decide about the use and sale of national lands. 6. To establish and regulate a Federal bank with power to issue money, as well as other national banks. 7. To settle the payment of the domestic and foreign debt of the Nation. 8. To fix annually, according to the standards laid down in the third paragraph of subsection 2 of this Section, the general budget of expenses and the estimate of resources of the National Administration, based on the general program of the government and on the public investment plan, and to approve or reject the investment account. 9. To grant subsidies from the National Treasury to those provinces the incomes of which, according to their budgets, do not cover their ordinary expenses. 10. To regulate the free navigation of inland rivers, to authorize the operation of such ports as it shall consider necessary, and to set up or suppress Customs.
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