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Constitution Argentina

2014-08-11 17:22:00 (читать в оригинале)

Constitution Argentina

Preamble

We, the representatives of the people of the Argentine Nation, gathered in General Constituent Assembly by the will and election of the Provinces which compose it, in fulfillment of pre-existing pacts, in order to form a national union, guarantee justice, secure domestic peace, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves, to our posterity, and to all men of the world who wish to dwell on argentine soil: invoking the protection of God, source of all reason and justice: do ordain, decree, and establish this Constitution for the Argentine Nation.

[Part I] First Part

Chapter I Declarations, Rights, and Guarantees

Section 1 []

The Argentine Nation adopts the federal republican representative form of government, as this Constitution establishes.

Section 2 []

The Federal Government supports the Roman Catholic Apostolic religion.

Section 3 []

The authorities in charge of the Federal Government shall reside in the city to be declared Capital of the Republic by a special law of Congress, once settled the cession of the territory to be federalized by one or more provincial legislatures.

Section 4 []

The Federal Government provides for the expenditures of the Nation with the funds of the National Treasury, composed of the proceeds of export and import duties, the sale or lease of lands owned by the Nation, the revenues of the Posts, other taxes equitably and proportionally levied on the population by the National Congress, and of whatever loans and credit transactions Congress may order in case of national emergencies or for enterprises of national interest.

Section 5 []

Each province shall enact its own constitution under the republican, representative system, in accordance with the principles, declarations, and guarantees of the National Constitution, ensuring its administration of justice, municipal regime, and elementary education. Under these conditions, the Federal Government shall guarantee each province the full exercise of its institutions.

Section 6 []

The Federal Government may intervene in the territory of the provinces in order to guarantee the republican form of government or to repel foreign invasions; and at the request of their constituted authorities, it may intervene to support or reestablish them, should they have been deposed by sedition or invasion from another province.

Section 7 []

The public acts and judicial proceedings of one province are worthy of full faith in the others; and Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts and proceedings shall be proved and the legal effects thereof.

Section 8 []

The citizens of each province shall be entitled to all rights, privileges, and immunities inherent in the condition of citizen in the other provinces. The extradition of criminals is a reciprocal obligation among all the provinces.

Section 9 []

Throughout the territory of the Nation there shall be no other Customs than the national ones, in which the tariffs enacted by Congress shall be in force.

Section 10 []

The circulation of goods of national production or manufacture is free from duties throughout the Republic, as well as the circulation of articles and merchandise of all kinds cleared in the national Customs.

Section 11 []

Goods of national or foreign production or manufacture, as well as livestock of all kinds, that may pass through the territory of one province to another, shall be free from the so called transit duties, the same as the carriages, vessels or beasts in or on which they are transported; and no other duty, whatever its name may be, shall be imposed on them by reason of their passing through the territory.

Section 12 []

Vessels sailing from one province to another shall not be bound to enter, anchor, or pay transit duties; and no preference shall be granted in any case to any port in respect of another, by means of trading laws or regulations.

Section 13 []

New provinces may be admitted into the Nation; but a new province shall neither be established within the territory of another province or provinces, nor be formed from several, without the consent of the legislatures of the provinces concerned as well as that of Congress.

Section 14 []

All the inhabitants of the Nation are entitled to the following rights, in accordance with the laws that regulate their exercise, namely: to work and perform any lawful industry; to navigate and trade; to petition the authorities; to enter, remain in, travel through, and leave the Argentine territory; to publish their ideas through the press without previous censorship; to make use and dispose of their property; to associate for useful purposes; to profess freely their religion; to teach and to learn.

Section 14bis []

(1) Labor in its several forms shall be protected by law, which shall ensure to workers: dignified and equitable working conditions; limited working hours; paid rest and vacations; fair remuneration; minimum vital and adjustable wage; equal pay for equal work; participation in the profits of enterprises, with control of production and collaboration in the management; protection against arbitrary dismissal; stability of the civil servant; free and democratic labor union organizations recognized by the mere registration in a special record.

(2) Trade unions are hereby guaranteed: the right to enter into collective labor bargains; to resort to conciliation and arbitration; the right to strike. Union representatives shall have the guarantees necessary for carrying out their union tasks and those related to the stability of their employment.

(3) The State shall grant the benefits of social security, which shall be of an integral nature and may not be waived. In particular, the laws shall establish: compulsory social insurance, which shall be in charge of national or provincial entities with financial and economic autonomy, administered by the interested parties with State participation, with no overlapping of contributions; adjustable retirements and pensions; full family protection; protection of homestead; family allowances and access to a worthy housing.

Section 15 []

In the Argentine Nation there are no slaves: the few who still exist shall become free as from the swearing of his Constitution; and a special law shall regulate whatever compensation this declaration may give rise to. Any contract for the purchase and sale of persons is a crime for which the parties shall be liable, as well as the notary or officer authorizing it. And slaves who by any means enter the nation shall be free by the mere fact of entering the territory of the Republic.

Section 16 []

The Argentine Nation admits neither blood nor birth prerogatives: there are neither personal privileges nor titles of nobility. All its inhabitants are equal before the law, and admissible to employment without any other requirement than their ability. Equality is the basis of taxation and public burdens.

Section 17 []

Property may not be violated, and no inhabitant of the Nation can be deprived of it except by virtue of a sentence based on law. Expropriation for reasons of public interest must be authorized by law and previously compensated. Only Congress levies the taxes mentioned in Section 4. No personal service can be requested except by virtue of a law or sentence based on law. Every author or inventor is the exclusive owner of his work, invention, or discovery for the term granted by law. The confiscation of property is hereby abolished forever from the Argentine Criminal Code. No armed body may make requisitions nor demand assistance of any kind.

Section 18 []

No inhabitant of the Nation may be punished without previous trial based on a law enacted before the act that gives rise to the process, nor tried by special committees, nor removed from the judges appointed by law before the act for which he is tried. Nobody may be compelled to testify against himself, nor be arrested except by virtue of a written warrant issued by a competent authority. The defense by trial of persons and rights may not be violated. The domicile may not be violated, as well as the written correspondence and private papers; and a law shall determine in which cases and for what reasons their search and occupation shall be allowed. Death penalty for political causes, any kind of tortures and whipping, are forever abolished. The prisons of the Nation shall be healthy and clean, for the security and not for the punishment of the prisoners confined therein; and any measure taken with the pretext of precaution which may lead to mortify them beyond the demands of security, shall render liable the judge who authorizes it.

Section 19 []

The private actions of men which in no way offend public order or morality, nor injure a third party, are only reserved to God and are exempted from the authority of judges. No inhabitant of the Nation shall be obliged to perform what the law does not demand nor deprived of what it does not prohibit.

Section 20 []

Foreigners enjoy within the territory of the Nation all the civil rights of citizens; they may exercise their industry, trade and profession; own real property, buy and sell it; navigate the rivers and coasts; practice freely their religion; make wills and marry under the laws. They are not obliged to accept citizenship nor to pay extraordinary compulsory taxes. They may obtain naturalization papers residing two uninterrupted years in the Nation; but the authorities may shorten this term in favor of those so requesting it, alleging and proving services rendered to the Republic.

Section 21 []

Every Argentine citizen is obliged to bear arms in defense of the fatherland and of this Constitution, in accordance with the laws issued by Congress and the Decrees of the National Executive Power to this effect. Citizens by naturalization are free to render or not this service for a period of ten years as from the date they obtain naturalization papers.

Section 22 []

The people neither deliberate nor govern except through their representatives and authorities established by this Constitution. Any armed force or meeting of persons assuming the rights of the people and petitioning in their name, commits the crime of sedition.

Section 23 []

In the event of domestic disorder or foreign attack endangering the full enforcement of this Constitution and of the authorities hereby established, the province or territory which is in a turmoil shall be declared in state of siege and the constitutional guarantees shall be suspended therein. But during such a suspension the President of the Republic shall not pronounce judgment or apply penalties on his own. In such case, his power shall be limited, with respect to persons, to their arrest or transfer from one place of the Nation to another, should they not prefer to leave the Argentine territory.

Section 24 []

Congress shall promote the reform of the present legislation in all its branches, and the establishment of trial by jury.

Section 25 []

The Federal Government shall foster European immigration; and may not restrict, limit or burden with any tax whatsoever, the entry into the Argentine territory of foreigners who arrive for the purpose of tilling the soil, improving industries, and introducing and teaching arts and sciences.

Section 26 []

Navigation of the inland rivers of the Nation is free for all flags, only subject to the regulations issued by the national authority.

Section 27 []

The Federal Government is under the obligation to strengthen its relationships of peace and trade with foreign powers, by means of treaties in accordance with the principles of public law laid down by this Constitution.

Section 28 []

The principles, guarantees and rights recognized in the preceding sections shall not be modified by the laws that regulate their enforcement.

Section 29 []

Congress may not vest on the National Executive Power - nor may the provincial legislatures vest on the provincial governors - extraordinary powers or the total public authority; it may not grant acts of submission or supremacy whereby the life, honor, or wealth of the Argentine people will be at the mercy of governments or any person whatsoever. Acts of this nature shall be utterly void, and shall render those who formulate them, consent to them or sign them, liable to be condemned as infamous traitors to their fatherland.

Section 30 []

The Constitution may be totally or partially amended. The necessity of reform must be declared by Congress with the vote of at least two-thirds of the members; but it shall not be carried out except by an Assembly summoned to that effect.

Section 31 []

This Constitution, the laws of the Nation enacted by Congress in pursuance thereof, and treaties with foreign powers, are the supreme law of the Nation; and the authorities of each province are bound thereby, notwithstanding any provision to the contrary included in the provincial laws or constitutions, except for the province of Buenos Aires, the treaties ratified after the Pact of November 11, 1859.

Section 32 []

The Federal Congress shall not enact laws restricting the freedom of printing or establishing federal jurisdiction over it.

Section 33 []

The declarations, rights and guarantees which the Constitution enumerates shall not be construed as a denial of other rights and guarantees not enumerated, but rising from the principle of sovereignty of the people and from the republican form of government.

Section 34 []

The judges of the federal courts cannot at the same time hold an office in the provincial courts. The federal service, whether civil or military, shall not grant a right of residence in the province in which it is performed unless it is where the employee habitually resides, this provision being understood as pertaining to the right to choose employments in the province in which he accidentally happens to be.

Section 35 []

The denominations successively adopted from 1810 up to the present, namely: "United Provinces of the River Plate"; "Argentine Republic"; "Argentine Confederation", shall henceforth be official names to be indistinctly used for the designation of the government and territory of the provinces, the words "Argentine Nation" being used in the making and enactment of laws.

Chapter II New Rights and Guarantees

Section 36 []

(1) This Constitution shall rule even when its observance is interrupted by acts of force against the institutional order and the democratic system. These acts shall be irreparably null.

(2) Their authors shall be punished with the penalty foreseen in Section 29, disqualified in perpetuity from holding public offices and excluded from the benefits of pardon and commutation of sentences.

(3) Those who, as a consequence of these acts, were to assume the powers foreseen for the authorities of this Constitution or for those of the provinces, shall be punished with the same penalties and shall be civil and criminally liable for their acts. The respective actions shall not be subject to prescription.

(4) All citizens shall have the right to oppose resistance to those committing the acts of force stated in this section.

(5) He who, procuring personal enrichment, incurs in serious fraudulent offense against the Nation shall also attempt against the democratic system, and shall be disqualified to hold public office for the term specified by law.

(6) Congress shall enact a law on public ethics which shall rule the exercise of public office.

Section 37 []

(1) This Constitution guarantees the full exercise of political rights, in accordance with the principle of popular sovereignty and with the laws derived therefrom. Suffrage shall be universal, equal, secret and compulsory.

(2) Actual equality of opportunities for men and women to elective and political party positions shall be guaranteed by means of positive actions in the regulation of political parties and in the electoral system.

Section 38 []

(1) Political parties are basic institutions of the democratic system.

(2) This Constitution guarantees the free establishment and exercise of their activities, as well as their democratic organization and performance, representation of minority groups, competition for those standing as candidates for elective public positions, access to public information and communication of their ideas.

(3) The State contributes to the economic support of their activities and the training of their leaders.

(4) Political parties shall make public the source and destiny of their funds and assets.

Section 39 []

(1) Citizens shall have the right to introduce bills before the House of Deputies. Congress shall consider them within the term of twelve months.

(2) Congress shall enact, with the vote of the absolute majority of all the members of each House, a regulatory law that cannot demand more than three per cent of the national voters register, which shall be consistent with an adequate territorial distribution in order to support the initiative.

(3) Bills referring to constitutional reform, international treaties, taxation, budget, and criminal legislation shall not originate in popular initiatives.

Section 40 []

(1) At the initiative of the House of Deputies, Congress may submit a bill to popular consultation. The law calling said consultation shall not be vetoed. With the affirmative vote of the people of the Nation, the bill shall become a law and its promulgation shall be automatic.

(2) Congress or the President of the Nation, according to their respective powers, shall call a non-binding popular consultation. In this case voting shall not be compulsory.

(3) With the vote of the absolute majority of all the members of each House, Congress shall regulate the subjects, procedures and time of the popular consultation.

Section 41 []

(1) All inhabitants are entitled to the right to a healthy and balanced environment fit for human development in order that productive activities shall meet present needs without endangering those of future generations; and shall have the duty to preserve it. As a first priority, environmental damage shall bring about the obligation to repair it according to law.

(2) The authorities shall provide for the protection of this right, the rational use of natural resources, the preservation of the natural and cultural heritage and of the biological diversity, and shall also provide for environmental information and education.

(3) The Nation shall regulate the minimum protection standards, and the provinces those necessary to reinforce them, without altering their local jurisdictions.

(4) The entry into the national territory of present or potential dangerous wastes, and of radioactive ones, is forbidden.

Section 42 []

(1) As regards consumption, consumers and users of goods and services have the right to the protection of their health, safety, and economic interests; to adequate and truthful information; to freedom of choice and equitable and reliable treatment.

(2) The authorities shall provide for the protection of said rights, the education for consumption, the defense of competition against any kind of market distortions, the control of natural and legal monopolies, the control of quality and efficiency of public utilities, and the creation of consumer and user associations.

(3) Legislation shall establish efficient procedures for conflict prevention and settlement, as well as regulations for national public utilities. Such legislation shall take into account the necessary participation of consumer and user associations and of the interested provinces in the control entities.

Section 43 []

(1) Any person shall file a prompt and summary proceeding regarding constitutional guarantees, provided there is no other legal remedy, against any act or omission of the public authorities or individuals which currently or imminently may damage, limit, modify or threaten rights and guarantees recognized by this Constitution, treaties or laws, with open arbitrariness or illegality. In such case, the judge may declare that the act or omission is based on an unconstitutional rule.

(2) This summary proceeding against any form of discrimination and about rights protecting the environment, competition, users and consumers, as well as about rights of general public interest, shall be filed by the damaged party, the ombudsman and the associations which foster such ends registered according to a law determining their requirements and organization forms.

(3) Any person shall file this action to obtain information on the data about himself and their purpose, registered in public records or data bases, or in private ones intended to supply information; and in case of false data or discrimination, this action may be filed to request the suppression, rectification, confidentiality or updating of said data. The secret nature of the sources of journalistic information shall not be impaired.

(4) When the right damaged, limited, modified, or threatened affects physical liberty, or in case of an illegitimate worsening of procedures or conditions of detention, or of forced missing of persons, the action of habeas corpus shall be filed by the party concerned or by any other person on his behalf, and the judge shall immediately make a decision even under state of siege.

[Part II] Second Part Authorities of the Nation

Title I Federal Government

[Subtitle I] First Division: Legislative Power

[Chapter 0 General Provision]

Section 44 [Legislative Power]

The Legislative Power of the Nation shall be vested in a Congress composed of two Houses, one of Deputies of the Nation and the other of Senators for the provinces and for the City of Buenos Aires.

Chapter I The House of Deputies

Section 45 []

The House of Deputies shall be composed of representatives directly elected by the people of the provinces, of the City of Buenos Aires, and of the Capital City in case of its moving, which for this purpose are considered as constituencies of a single state, and by simple plurality of votes. The number of representatives shall be one for every thirty-three thousand inhabitants or fraction not under sixteen thousand five hundred inhabitants. After each census, Congress shall establish the representation in accordance with the same, being empowered to increase but not to decrease the basis indicated for each deputy.

Section 46 []

The deputies for the first legislative session shall be appointed in the following proportion: for the province of Buenos Aires, twelve; for that of Cуrdoba, six; for that of Catamarca, three; for that of Corrientes, four; for that of Entre Rнos, two; for that of Jujuy, two; for that of Mendoza, three; for that of La Rioja, two; for that of Salta, three; for that of Santiago, four; for that of San Juan, two; for that of Santa Fe, two; for that of San Luis, two; and for that of Tucumбn, three.

Section 47 []

For the second legislative session a general census shall be carried out and the number of deputies shall be arranged according thereto; but this census shall only be renewed every ten years.

Section 48 []

In order to be a deputy it is necessary to have attained to the age of 25 years; to have been four years a fully qualified citizen; and to be a native of the province electing him or to have two years of immediate residence therein.

Section 49 []

On this occasion, the Legislatures of the provinces shall regulate the means to hold the direct election of the deputies of the Nation; in the future, Congress shall enact a general law.

Section 50 []

Deputies shall hold office for a term of four years and may be re-elected; but the House shall be renewed by halves every two years; for this purpose those elected for the first legislative session, after meeting, shall draw lots to decide those who shall leave after the first period.

Section 51 []

In case of vacancy, the Government of the province or of the Capital City shall proceed to call a legal election for a new member.

Section 52 []

All bills for raising revenue and for the recruitment of troops shall exclusively originate in the House of Deputies.

Section 53 []

Only the House of Deputies has the power to impeach before the Senate the President, the Vice-President, the Chief of the Ministerial Cabinet, the Ministers, and the Justices of the Supreme Court, in such cases of responsibility as are brought against them for misconduct or crimes committed in the fulfillment of their duties; or for ordinary crimes, after having known about them and after the decision to bring an action had been voted by a majority of two-thirds of its members present.

Chapter II The Senate

Section 54 []

The Senate shall be composed of three senators for each province, and three for the City of Buenos Aires, jointly and directly elected, corresponding two seats to the political party obtaining the majority of votes, and the other seat to the political party following in number of votes. Each senator shall have one vote.

Section 55 []

In order to be elected senator the following conditions are required: to have attained to the age of 30 years, to have been six years a citizen of the Nation, to have an annual income of two thousand strong pesos or similar revenues, and to be a native of the province electing him or to have two years of immediate residence therein.

Section 56 []

Senators shall hold office for a term of six years and may be indefinitely re-elected; but the Senate shall be renewed by one-third of the constituencies every two years.

Section 57 []

The Vice-President of the Nation shall be President of the Senate; but he shall have no vote unless in case of equality of votes.

Section 58 []

The Senate shall appoint a President pro tempore to preside it in case of absence of the Vice-President, or when he holds the office of President of the Nation.

Section 59 []

The Senate is empowered to judge in public trial those impeached by the House of Deputies, its members being on oath for the case. When the President of the Nation is impeached, the Senate shall be presided by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. No person shall be declared guilty without the majority of two-thirds of the members present.

Section 60 []

The judgment shall not extend further than to remove the accused person from office, and to disqualify him to hold any office of honor, trust, or profit in the Nation. But the party declared guilty shall, nevertheless, be subject to accusation, trial, and punishment according to law before the ordinary courts.

Section 61 []

In case of foreign attack, the Senate is also empowered to authorize the President of the Nation to declare in state of siege one or several places of the Republic.

Section 62 []

When any vacancy occurs in the Senate because of death, resignation or other cause, the government to which the vacancy belongs shall immediately call an election for a new member.

Chapter III Povisions applicable to both Houses

Section 63 []

Both Houses shall assemble, on their own account, every year in ordinary legislative session from March 1 until November 30. The President of the Nation may convoke to extraordinary legislative session or extend the ordinary one.

Section 64 []

Each House shall be the judge of the elections, rights and qualifications of its members, as regards their validity. Neither of them shall meet without the absolute majority of its members; but a smaller number may compel the absent members to attend the meetings, in the terms and under the penalties as each House may provide.

Section 65 []

Both Houses begin and conclude their legislative session simultaneously. Neither of them, while they sit, shall adjourn its meetings for more than three days without the consent of the other.

Section 66 []

Each House shall make its rules of proceedings, and with the concurrence of two-thirds may correct any one of its members for disorderly behavior in the exercise of his duties, or can remove him on account of physical or moral disability occurring after his admission, and may even expel him from the body; but a majority of one more than the half of those present shall be enough to decide on voluntary resignations from office.

Section 67 []

Senators and deputies, on assuming office, shall take an oath to duly perform their duties and to act in all matters in accordance with the provisions herein established.

Section 68 []

No member of Congress shall be accused, judicially examined, or disturbed for opinions expressed or speeches delivered by him while holding office as legislator.

Section 69 []

No senator or deputy shall be arrested as from the day of his election until the expiration of his term, except when flagrantly surprised committing a crime deserving capital punishment or other infamous or serious punishment, in which case a summary report of the facts shall be submitted the corresponding House.

Section 70 []

When a written complaint is filed before the ordinary courts against any senator or deputy, once examined if there is enough evidence in a public trial, each House may, with the concurrence of two-thirds of the votes, suspend the accused party from his office and place him under the jurisdiction of the competent court to be judged.

Section 71 []

Either House shall summon the Ministers of the Executive Power to receive such explanations or reports as it may deem necessary.

Section 72 []

No member of Congress shall be appointed to any civil office or commission under the Executive Power, without the previous consent of the respective House, except for employments subject to promotions.

Section 73 []

Neither the regular members of the clergy nor governors in representation of their own provinces, may be members of Congress.

Section 74 []

The senators and deputies shall receive a remuneration for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of the Nation.

Chapter VI Powers of Congress

Section 75 []

Congress is empowered:

1. To legislate about national Customs. To lay import and export duties that shall be uniform throughout the Nation as well as the valuations on which they are assessed.

2. To levy indirect taxes as a power concurrent with the provinces. To levy direct taxes for a specified term and proportionally equal throughout the national territory, provided that the defense, common security and general welfare of the State so require it. The taxes under this subsection are subject to joint participation, except for those which, in part or in all, have specific allocation.

An agreement-law based on understandings between the Nation and the provinces shall establish systems of joint participation for these taxes, guaranteeing the automatic remittance of funds.

The distribution among the Nation, the provinces and the City of Buenos Aires, and among themselves, shall be carried out in direct relation to the jurisdictions, services and functions of each one of them taking into account objective sharing criteria; it shall be based on principles of equity and solidarity giving priority to the achievement of a similar degree of development, of living standards and equal opportunities throughout the national territory.

The agreement-law shall originate in the Senate and shall be enacted with the absolute majority of all the members of each House; it shall be neither unilaterally amended nor regulated, and shall be approved by the provinces.

There shall be no transfer of jurisdictions, services or functions without the corresponding reallocation of funds approved by a law of Congress, when appropriate, and by the interested province or the City of Buenos Aires, as the case may be.

A federal fiscal body shall be in charge of the control and monitoring of what is laid down in this subsection, according to the law which shall guarantee the representation of all the provinces and of the City of Buenos Aires as regards its composition.

3. To set and modify specific allocations that may be subject to joint participation, for a specified term, by a special law enacted with the absolute majority of all the members of each House.

4. To borrow money on the credit of the Nation.

5. To decide about the use and sale of national lands.

6. To establish and regulate a Federal bank with power to issue money, as well as other national banks.

7. To settle the payment of the domestic and foreign debt of the Nation.

8. To fix annually, according to the standards laid down in the third paragraph of subsection 2 of this Section, the general budget of expenses and the estimate of resources of the National Administration, based on the general program of the government and on the public investment plan, and to approve or reject the investment account.

9. To grant subsidies from the National Treasury to those provinces the incomes of which, according to their budgets, do not cover their ordinary expenses.

10. To regulate the free navigation of inland rivers, to authorize the operation of such ports as it shall consider necessary, and to set up or suppress Customs.

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THE CONSTITUTION OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA

2014-08-11 17:20:00 (читать в оригинале)

THE CONSTITUTION OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA

WHEREAS the People of Antigua and Barbuda

proclaim that they are a sovereign nation founded upon principles that acknowledge the supremacy of God, the dignity and worth of the human person, the entitlement of all persons to the fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual, the position of the family in a society of free men and women and free institutions;

respect the principles of social justice and, therefore, believe that the operation of their economic system should result in the material resources of their community being so distributed as to serve the common good, that there should be adequate means of livelihood for all, that labour should not be exploited or forced by economic necessity to operate in inhumane conditions but that there should be opportunity for advancement on the basis of recognition of merit, ability and integrity;

assert their conviction that their happiness and prosperity can best be pursued in a democratic society in which all persons may, to the extent of their capacity, play some part in the national life;

recognise that the law symbolises the public conscience, that every citizen owes to it an undivided allegiance not to be limited by any private views of justice or expediency and that the State is subject to the law;

desire to establish a framework of supreme law within which to guarantee their inalienable human rights and freedoms, among them, the rights to liberty, property, security and legal redress of grievances, as well as freedom of speech, of the press and of assembly, subject only to the public interest:

NOW, THEREFORE, the following provisions shall have effect as the Constitution of Antigua and Barbuda:-

CHAPTER I

THE STATE AND THE CONSTITUTION

THE STATE AND ITS TERRITORY.

1.- Antigua and Barbudashall be a unitary sovereign democratic State.

The territory of Antigua and Barbuda shall comprise the islands of Antigua, Barbuda and Redonda and all other areas that were comprised in Antiguaon 31st October 1981together with such other areas as may be declared by Act of Parliament to form part of the territory of Antigua and Barbuda.

CONSTITUTION IS SUPREME LAW.

2.- This Constitution is the supreme law of Antigua and Barbuda and, subject to the provisions of this Constitution, if any other laws is inconsistent with this Constitution, this Constitution shall prevail and the other law shall, to the extent of the inconsistency, be void.

CHAPTER II

PROTECTION OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS OF THE INDIVIDUAL

FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS OF THE INDIVIDUAL.

3.- Whereas every person in Antigua and Barbuda is entitled to the fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual, that is to say, the right, regardless of race, place of origin, political opinions or affiliations, colour, creed or sex, but subject to respect for the rights and freedoms of others and for the public interest, to each and all of the following, namely-

life, liberty, security of the person, the enjoyment of property and the protection of the law;

freedom of conscience, of expression (including freedom of the press) and of peaceful assembly and association; and

protection for his family life, his personal privacy, the privacy of his home and other property and from deprivation of property without fair compensation,

the provisions of this Chapter shall have effect for the purpose of affording protection to the aforesaid rights and freedoms, subject to such limitations of that protection as are contained in those provisions, being limitations designed to ensure that the enjoyment of the said rights and freedoms by any individual does not prejudice the rights and freedoms of other or the public interest.

PROTECTION OF RIGHT TO LIFE.

4.-

No person shall be deprived of his life intentionally save in execution of the sentence of a court in respect of a crime of treason or murder of which he has been convicted.

A person shall not be regarded as having been deprived of his life in contravention of this section if he dies as the result of the use, to such extent and such circumstances as are permitted by law, of such force as is reasonably justifiable-

for the defence of any person from violence or for the defence of property;

in order to effect a lawful arrest or to prevent the escape of a person lawfully detained;

for the purpose of suppressing a riot, insurrection or mutiny; or

in order lawfully to prevent the commission by that person of a criminal offence,

or if he dies as the result of a lawful act of war.

PROTECTION OF RIGHT TO PERSONAL LIBERTY.

5.-

No person shall be deprived of his personal liberty save as may be authorised by law in any of the following cases, that is to say-

in consequence of his unfitness to plead to a criminal charge;

in execution of the sentence or order of a court, whether established for Antigua and Barbuda or some other country, in respect of a criminal offence of which he has been convicted;

in execution of an order of the High Court or of the Court of Appeal or such other court as may be prescribed by Parliament on the grounds of his contempt of any such court or of another court or tribunal;

in execution of the order of a court made in order to secure the fulfilment of any obligation imposed on him by law;

for the purpose of bringing him before a court in execution of the order of a court;

upon reasonable suspicion of his having committed or of being about to commit a criminal offence under any law;

under the order of a court or with the consent of his parent or guardian, for his education or welfare during any period ending not later than the date when he attains the age of eighteen years;

for the purpose of preventing the spread of an infectious or contagious disease;

in the case of a person who is, or is reasonably suspected to be, of unsound mind, addicted to drugs or alcohol, or a vagrant, for the purpose of his care or treatment or the protection of the community;

for the purpose of preventing the unlawful entry of that person into Antigua and Barbuda, or for the purpose of effecting the expulsion, extradition or other lawful removal of that person from Antigua and Barbuda or for the purpose of restricting that person while he is being conveyed through Antigua and Barbuda in the course of his extradition or removal as a convicted prisoner from one country to another; or

to such extent as may be necessary in the execution of a lawful order requiring that person to remain within a specified area within Antigua and Barbuda or prohibiting him from being within such an area or to such extent as may be reasonably justifiable for the taking of proceedings against that person relating to the making of any such order or relating to such an order after it has been made, or to such extent as may be reasonably justifiable for restraining that person during any visit that he is permitted to make to any part of Antigua and Barbuda in which, in consequence of any such order, his presence would otherwise be unlawful.

any person who is arrested or detained shall be informed orally and in writing as soon as reasonably practicable, in language that he understands, of the reason for his arrest or detention.

Any person who is arrested or detained shall have the right, at any stage and at his own expense, to retain and instruct without delay a legal practitioner of his own choice, and to hold private communications with him, and in the case of a minor he shall also be afforded a reasonable opportunity for communication with his parent or guardian.

When a person is arrested, excessive bail shall not be required in those cases where bail is being granted.

Any person who is arrested or detained-

for the purpose of bringing him before a court in execution of the order of a court; or

upon reasonable suspicion of his having committed or being about to commit a criminal offence under any law,

and who is not released shall be brought before the court within forty-eight hours after his detention and, in computing time for the purposes of this subsection, Sundays and public holidays shall be excluded.

If any person arrested or detained as mentioned in subsection (5) (b) of this section is not tried within a reasonable time, the, without prejudice to any further proceedings which may be brought against him, he shall be released either unconditionally or upon reasonable conditions, including in particular such conditions as are reasonably necessary to ensure that he appears at a later date for trial or for proceedings preliminary to trial and, subject to subsection (4) of this section, such conditions may include bail.

Any person who is unlawfully arrested or detained by any other person shall, subject to such defences as may be provided by law, be entitled to compensation for such unlawful arrest or detention from the person who made the arrest or effected the detention, from any person or authority on whose behalf the person making the arrest or effecting the detention was acting or from them both:

Provided that a judge, a magistrate or a justice of the peace or an officer of a court or a police officer acting in pursuance of the order of a judge, a magistrate or a justice of the peace shall nor be under any personal liability to pay compensation under this subsection in consequence of any act performed by him in good faith in the discharge of the functions of his office and any liability to pay any such compensation in consequence of any such act shall be a liability of the Crown.

For the purposes of subsection (1) (b) of this section, a person charged with a criminal offence in respect of whom a special verdict has been returned that he was guilty of the act or omission charged but was insane when he did the act or made the omission shall be regarded as a person who has been convicted of a criminal offence and the detention of that person in consequence of such a verdict shall be regarded as detention in execution of the order of a court.

PROTECTION FROM SLAVERY AND FORCED LABOUR

6.-

No person shall be held in slavery or servitude.

No person shall be required to perform forced labour.

For the purposes of this section, the expression "forced labour&quote; does not include-

any labour required in consequence of the sentence or order of a court;

any labour required of any person while he is lawfully detained that, though not required in consequence of the sentence or order of a court, is reasonably necessary in the interests of hygiene or for the maintenance of the place at which he is detained;

any labour required of a member of a disciplined force in pursuance of his duties as such or, in the case of a person who has conscientious objections to service as a member of a naval, military or air force, any labour that person is required by law to perform in place of such service;

any labour required during any period of public emergency or, in the event of any other emergency or calamity that threatens the life and well-being of the community, to the extent that the requiring of such labour is reasonably justifiable in the circumstances of any situation arising or existing during that period or as a result of that other emergency or calamity, for the purpose of dealing with that situation.

PROTECTION FROM INHUMAN TREATMENT

7.-

No person shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading punishment or other such treatment.

Nothing contained in or done under the authority of any law shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of this section to the extent that the law in question authorises the infliction of any description of punishment that was lawful in Antigua on 31st October 1981.

PROTECTION OF FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT

8.-

A person shall not be deprived of his freedom of movement, that is to say, the right to move freely throughout Antigua and Barbuda, the right to reside in any part of Antigua and Barbuda, the right to enter Antigua and Barbuda, the right to leave Antigua and Barbudaand immunity from expulsion from Antigua and Barbuda.

Any restrictions on a person's freedom of movement that is involved in his lawful detention shall not be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of this section.

Nothing contained in or done under the authority of any law shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of this section to the extent that the law in question makes provision-

for the imposition of restrictions on the movements or residence within Antigua and Barbuda of any person or on any person's right to leave Antigua and Barbuda that are reasonably required in the interests of defence, public safety or public order;

for the imposition of restrictions on the movements or residence within Antigua and Barbuda or on the right to leave Antigua and Barbuda of persons generally or any class of persons in the interest of defence, public safety, public order, public morality, or public health or, in respect of the right to leave Antigua and Barbuda, of securing compliance with any international obligation of Antigua and Barbuda particulars of which have been laid before the House and except so far as that provision or, as the case may be, the thing done under the authority thereof is shown not to be reasonably justifiable in a democratic society;

for the imposition of restrictions, by order of a court, on the movement or residence within Antigua and Barbuda of any person or on any person's right to leave Antigua and Barbuda either in consequence of his having been found guilty of a criminal offence under a law or for the purpose of ensuring that he appears before a court at a later date for trial of such a criminal offence or for proceedings relating to his extradition or lawful removal from Antigua and Barbuda;

for the imposition of restrictions on the freedom of movement of any person who is not a citizen;

for the imposition of restrictions on the acquisition or use by any person of land or other property in Antigua and Barbuda;

for the imposition of restrictions upon the movement or residence within Antigua and Barbuda or on the right to leave Antigua and Barbuda of any public officer that are reasonably required for the proper performance of his functions;

for the removal of a person from Antigua and Barbuda to be tried or punished in some other country for a criminal offence under the law of that other country or to undergo imprisonment in some other country in execution of the sentence of a court in respect of a criminal offence under a law of which he has been convicted; or

for the imposition of restrictions on the right of any person to leave Antigua and Barbuda that are reasonably required in order to secure the fulfilment of any obligations imposed on that person by law and except so far as that provision or, as the case may be, the thing done under the authority thereof is shown not to be reasonably justifiable in a democratic society.

If any person whose freedom of movement has been restricted by virtue of such a provision as is referred to in subsection (3) (a) of this section so requests at any time during the period of that restriction not earlier than two months after the restriction was imposed or two months after he last made such a request, as the case may be, his case shall be reviewed by an independent and impartial tribunal consisting of a president who shall be a legal practitioner of not less than seven years standing appointed by the Chief Justice and two other members appointed by the Governor-General acting in his discretion.

On any review by a tribunal in pursuance of subsection (4) of this section of the case of any person whose freedom of movement has been restricted, the tribunal may make recommendations concerning the necessity for or expediency of the continuation of that restriction to the authority by whom it was ordered and, unless it is otherwise provided by law, that authority shall be obliged to act in accordance with any such recommendations.

PROTECTION FROM DEPRIVATION OF PROPERTY

9.-

No property of any description shall be compulsorily taken possession of, and no interest in or right to or over property of any description shall be compulsorily acquired, except for public use and except in accordance with the provisions of a law applicable to that taking of possession or acquisition and for the payment of fair compensation within a reasonable time.

Every person having a interest in or right to or over property which is compulsorily taken possession of or whose interest in or right to or over any property is compulsorily acquired shall have the right of access to the High Court for-

the determination of his interest or right, the legality of the taking of possession or acquisition of the property, interest or right and the amount of any compensation to which he is entitled; and

the purpose of obtaining payment of that compensation:

Provided that if Parliament so provides in relation to any matter referred to in paragraph (a) of this subsection the right of access shall be by way of appeal (exercisable as of right at the instance of the person having the interest in or right to or over the property) from a tribunal or authority, other than the High Court, having jurisdiction under any law to determine that matter.

The Chief Justice may make rules with respect to the practice and procedure of the High Court or any other tribunal or authority in relation to the jurisdiction conferred on the High Court by subsection (2) of this section or exercisable by the other tribunal or authority for the purposes of that subsection (including rules with respect to the time within which application or appeals to the High Court or applications to the other tribunals or authority may be brought).

Nothing contained in or done under the authority of any law shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of subsection (1) of this section-

to the extent that the law in question makes provision for the taking of possession or acquisition of any property, interest or right-

in satisfaction of any tax, rate or due;

by way of penalty for breach of the law or forfeiture in consequence of breach of the law;

as an incident of a lease, tenancy, mortgage, charge, bill of sale, pledge or contract;

in the execution of judgements or orders of a court in proceedings for the determination of civil rights or obligations;

in circumstances where it is reasonably necessary so to do because the property is in a dangerous state or likely to be injurious to the health of human beings, animals or plants;

in consequence of any law with respect to the limitation of actions;

for so long as may be necessary for the purposes of any examination, investigation, trial or enquiry or, in the case of land, for the purposes of the carrying out thereon of work of soil conservation or the conservation of other natural resources or work relation to agricultural development or improvement (being work relating to such development or improvement that the owner or occupier of the land has been required, and has without reasonable excuse refused or failed, to carry out),

and except so far as the provision or, as the case may be, the thing done under the authority thereof is shown not to be reasonably justifiable in a democratic society;

to the extent that the law in question makes provision for the taking of possession or acquisition of any of the following property (including and interest in or right to or over property), that is to say-

enemy property;

property of a deceased person, a person of unsound mind or a person who had not attained the age of eighteen years, for the purpose of its administration for the benefit of the persons entitled to the beneficial interest therein;

the property of a person adjudged bankrupt or a body corporate in liquidation, for the purpose of its administration for the benefit of the creditors of the bankrupt or body corporate and, subject thereto, for the benefit of other persons entitled to the beneficial interest in the property; or

property subject to a trust, for the purpose of vesting the property in persons appointed as trustees under the instrument creating the trust or by a court or by order of a court for the purposes of giving effect to the trust.

Nothing contained in or done under the authority of any law enacted by Parliament shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of this section to the extent that the law in question makes provision for the compulsory taking of possession of any property, or the compulsory acquisition of any interest in or right or over property, where that property, interest or right is held by a body corporate established by law for public purposes in which no monies have been invested other than monies provided by Parliament or any legislature established for the former colony or Associated State of Antigua.

For the purposes of this section, "use" is "public" if it is intended to result or results in a benefit or advantage to the public and, without prejudice to its generality, includes any use affecting the physical, economic, social or aesthetic well-being of the public.

PROTECTION OF PERSON OR PROPERTY FROM ARBITRARY SEARCH OR ENTRY

10.-

Except with his own consent, no person shall be subjected to the search of his person or his property or the entry by others on his premises.

Nothing contained in or done under the authority of any law shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of this section to the extent that the law in question makes provision-

that is reasonably required in the interests of defence, public safety, public order, public morality, public health, public revenue, town and country planning or the development and utilisation of property in such a manner as to promote the public benefit;

that authorises an office or agent of the Government, a local government authority or a body corporate established by law for public purposes to enter on the premises of any person in order to inspect those premises or anything thereon for the purpose of any tax, rate or due in order to carry out work connected with any property that is lawfully on those premises and that belongs to the Government, or to that authority or body corporate, as the case may be;

that is reasonably required for the purpose of preventing or detecting crime;

that is reasonably required for the purpose of protecting the rights or freedoms of other persons; or

that authorises, for the purpose of enforcing the judgement or order of a court in any proceedings, the search of any person or property by order of a court or entry upon any premises by such order,

- and except so far as that provision or, as the case may be, anything done under the authority thereof is shown not to be reasonably justifiable in a democratic society.

PROTECTION OF FREEDOM OF CONSCIENCE

11.-

Except with his own consent, no person shall be hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of conscience, and for the purposes of this section the said freedom includes freedom of thought and of religion, freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others, and both in public and in private, to manifest and propagate his religion or belief in worship, teaching, practice and observance.

Except with his own consent (or, if he is under the age, of eighteen years, the consent of his parent or guardian) no person attending any place of education shall be required to receive religious instruction or to take part in or attend any religious ceremony or observance if that instruction, ceremony

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Конституция Княжества Андорра

2014-08-11 17:12:00 (читать в оригинале)

Конституция Княжества Андорра от 14 марта 1993 года

Преамбула

Народ Андорры, преисполненный свободы и независимости, в осуществлении собственного суверенитета,

Осознавая необходимость адаптации институтов Андорры к новой ситуации, связанной с эволюцией ее географического, исторического и социально-культурного окружения, а также в стремлении организовать отношения, коренящиеся в Пареаже, в новых юридических рамках,

Убежденный в необходимости обеспечения всеми юридическими средствами фундаментальных прав личности, почитаемых и уважаемых в андоррском обществе, но пока еще не получивших правового закрепления,

В решимости настойчиво содействовать реализации таких ценностей, как свобода, справедливость, демократия и общественный прогресс, сохранять и развивать гармоничные отношения Андорры со всем остальным миром на основе взаимного уважения и мирного существования и в особенности с соседними странами,

Призванный внести свой вклад и оказать поддержку всем совместным действиям Человечества, особенно по сохранению в целостности Земли и в гарантировании благоприятной окружающей среды будущим поколениям,

Желая, чтобы девиз "Добродетель, Единство, Сила", который более чем в течение семи веков составлял основу мирного пути Андорры, сохраняя свою животворность, всегда вдохновлял действия андоррцев,

Суверенно одобряет настоящую Конституцию.

Титул 1
О суверенитете Андорры

Статья 1

Андорра является правовым, независимым, демократическим и социальным Государством. Его официальное название Княжество Андорра.
Конституция объявляет, что Андорра уважает и придерживается в своей деятельности принципов свободы, равенства, справедливости, терпимости и защиты прав человека, а также достоинства личности.
Суверенитет коренится в андоррском народе, который осуществляет его посредством голосования и институтов, учреждаемых настоящей Конституцией.
Режим правления Андорры - парламентский.
Андорра состоит из общин Канильо, Энкамла, Ориндо, Ла-Массана, Андорра-ла-Велья, Сан-Джулия-де-Лория и Лес-Эскальдес.

Статья 2

Официальный язык государства - каталанский.
Национальный гимн, знамя и герб Андорры те, которые даны ей историей.
Андорра-ла-Велья является столицей государства.

Статья 3

Настоящая Конституция, которая является высшей нормой андоррского юридического порядка, соединяет все публичные власти и граждан.
Она гарантирует принципы законности, иерархии и гласности юридических норм, лишая обратной силы положения, ограничивающие индивидуальные права, имеющие неблагоприятные последствия или устанавливающие более суровое наказание, а также нормы защиты и ответственности публичных властей. Любой произвол запрещен.
Андорра признает универсально применяемые принципы международного публичного права.
Международные договоры и соглашения интегрируются в андоррский юридический порядок и не могут быть изменены или отменены законом.

Титул II
Права и свободы

Глава I
Общие принципы

Статья 4
Конституция признает неприкосновенность человеческого достоинства и, следовательно, гарантирует нерушимые и неотъемлемые права личности, которые составляют основу политической организации, социального мира и справедливости.

Статья 5
Всеобщая Декларация прав человека интегрирована в андоррский юридический порядок.

Статья 6

Все люди равны перед законом. Никто не может быть объектом дискриминации, в особенности по причине рождения, расы, пола, происхождения, религии, мнения или иного условия, связанного с личным и социальным положением.
Публичные власти должны создавать реальные и эффективные условия для равенства и свободы индивидов.

Глава II
Об андоррском гражданстве

Статья 7

Закон определяет правила получения и утраты гражданства, а также все юридические последствия, с этим связанные.
Получение или сохранение гражданства, отличного от гражданства андоррского, влечет утрату последнего на условиях и в сроки, установленные законом.

Глава III
Основные права личности и публичные свободы

Статья 8

Конституция признает право на жизнь и всецело защищает ее на различных стадиях.
Любое лицо имеет право на физическую и моральную неприкосновенность. Никто не может быть подвергнут пыткам или жестокому, бесчеловечному или унижающему наказанию и обращению.
Смертная казнь запрещена.

Статья 9

Любое лицо имеет право на свободу и безопасность и может быть лишено его только по мотивам и согласно процедуре, предусмотренным настоящей Конституцией и законом.
Заключение под стражу не может превышать времени, необходимого для проведения расследования, но ни в коем случае более сорока восьми часов - срока, по истечении которого задержанный должен предстать перед судебными властями.
Закон определяет процедуры, призванные позволить задержанному обратиться в судебный орган, чтобы он мог высказаться о законности его заключения под стражу, а также добиваться любому лицу, лишенному свободы, восстановления его фундаментальных прав.
Никто не может быть осужден или наказан за действие или упущение, которые на момент совершения не являлись деликтом, ошибкой или нарушением.

Статья 10

Любое лицо имеет право обращения в судебную инстанцию, добиваться от последней решения, основанного на праве, а также на беспристрастный процесс в не предвзятом суде, предварительно учрежденным законом.
Каждому гарантировано право на защиту и помощь адвоката, право на судебное разбирательство в разумные сроки, презумпцию невиновности, быть информированным об обвинении, не быть принуждаемым к признанию себя виновным, не свидетельствовать против самого себя, а в случае уголовного разбирательства - обращаться с ходатайствами.
Закон предусматривает случаи, когда, в целях гарантирования принципа равенства, правосудие должно быть бесплатным.

Статья 11
Конституция гарантирует свободу мнения, религии и культа, право каждого лица проявлять или выражать свое мнение, религию или верование.
Свобода выражения собственной религии или верования ограничена в пределах, установленных законом и требуемых для защиты безопасности, порядка, здоровья и общественной морали или основных прав и свобод другого.
Конституция гарантирует Католической Церкви свободное и публичное осуществление своей деятельности и поддержку ее особых отношений сотрудничества с Государством, основанных на андоррской традиции.
Конституция признает объединения, учреждаемые Католической Церковью, которые обладают правом юридического лица в соответствии с ее собственными нормами и полной правоспособностью, вытекающих из общего андоррского порядка.

Статья 12
Признаются свободы выражения, коммуникации и информации.
Равно признаются на условиях, предусмотренных законом, права на ответ и уточнение и на защиту профессиональной тайны. Предварительная цензура или любой иной способ идеологического контроля со стороны публичных властей запрещены.

Статья 13

Закон определяет правила, касающиеся брака и гражданского состояния лиц. Гражданские последствия церковного брака признаются Государством.
Публичным властям вменяется поощрение политики защиты семьи - базового элемента общества.
Супруги имеют равные права и обязанности. Дети равны перед законом, независимо от их родства.

Статья 14
Любое лицо имеет право на уважение своей интимной жизни, своей чести и своего изображения. Каждый имеет право на законодательную защиту против незаконного вторжения в частную и семейную жизнь.

Статья 15
Неприкосновенность жилища гарантирована. Никто не может проникнуть в него без согласия заинтересованного лица или без судебного предписания, кроме случаев очевидного деликта. Равно гарантирована тайна общения, которая может быть нарушена только на основании мотивированного судебного решения.

Статья 16
Признаются права собраний и мирных манифестаций с целями, дозволенными законом. Осуществление права манифестации требует предварительного информирования властей в том, что его реализация не будет покушаться на свободу передвижения лиц и имущество.

Статья 17
Признается право на объединение в законно дозволенных целях. В целях гласности закон учреждает Реестр объединений.

Статья 18
Признается право на создание и деятельность профессиональных, предпринимательских и профсоюзных организаций. При соблюдении права на общение с международными организациями они должны быть андоррскими по своему происхождению и характеру деятельности, обладать присущей им автономией, вне всякой иностранной организационной зависимости. Их деятельность должна носить демократический характер.

Статья 19
Работники и руководители предприятий имеют право защищать свои экономические и социальные интересы. Закон определяет условия осуществления этого права, гарантируя сотрудничество в оказании основополагающих услуг обществу.

Статья 20

Любое лицо имеет право на просвещение, целью которого является наиболее полное раскрытие человеческой личности при уважении свободы и основных прав.
Признается право на образование и право на создание образовательных центров.
Родители вправе выбирать образование для своих детей. Равно они имеют право, в соответствии с их собственными убеждениями, на нравственное и религиозное воспитание детей.

Статья 21

Любое лицо имеет право свободно передвигаться по национальной территории, а также выезжать из страны и возвращаться в нее на условиях, предусмотренных законом.
Граждане и легально обустроившиеся иностранцы имеют право свободно выбирать место своего жительства на территории Княжества.

Статья 22
Возобновление разрешения на проживание или высылка иностранца, легально обосновавшегося в Андорре, допускаются только по мотивам и на условиях, предусмотренных законом, на основании окончательного судебного решения, если заинтересованное лицо реализует свое право на судебную защиту.

Статья 23
Любое непосредственно заинтересованное лицо имеет право обращаться к публичным властям с петицией в форме и на условиях, предусмотренных законом.

Глава IV
Политические права андоррцев

Статья 24
Все совершеннолетние андоррцы, не лишенные своих прав, пользуются правом голосования.

Статья 25
Все андоррцы имеют право на равный доступ к публичным функциям и обязанностям в соответствии с предписаниями, предусмотренными законом. Осуществление служебных функций зарезервировано за андоррцами, кроме случаев, предусмотренных настоящей Конституцией или международными договорами.

Статья 26
Андоррцы имеют право свободно создавать политические партии. Их функционирование и организационная структура должны носить демократический характер, а деятельность - свответствовать закону. Приостановка деятельности или их роспуск могут быть предписаны только судебным органом.

Глава V
Экономические, социальные и культурные права и принципы

Статья 27

Право частной собственности и наследования признаются в пределах ограничений, вытекающих из общей пользы.
Никто не может быть лишен имущества или прав, если это не мотивировано общей пользой, при условии справедливого нозмещения в пределах, установленных законом.

Статья 28
Свободное предпринимательство признается в рамках рыночной экономики и осуществляется с соблюдением законодательства.

Статья 29
Каждый человек имеет право на труд, на повышение жизненного, культурного и социального уровня своим трудом, на вознаграждение, достаточное для обеспечения работнику и его семье существования, отвечающего человеческому достоинству. Равно он имеет право на разумное ограничение продолжительности трудового дня, еженедельный отдых и оплачиваемый отпуск.

Статья 30
Право на защиту здоровья признается так же, как и пользование социальными пособиями для удовлетворения иных потребностей. С этой целью Государство обеспечивает систему социального страхования.

Статья 31
Государство осуществляет надзор за рациональным использованием почв и всех природных ресурсов, чтобы гарантировать каждому достойное качество жизни, а также восстановление и сохранение для будущих поколений рационального экологического баланса атмосферы, вод и земли, защиту местной флоры и фауны.

Статья 32
Государство может вмешиваться в организацию экономической, коммерческой, финансовой и трудовой жизни для обеспечения в рамках рыночной экономики сбалансированного развития общества, а также общего благосостояния.

Статья 33
Публичные власти должны предпринимать усилия в обеспечении каждого достойными жилищными условиями.

Статья 34
Государство гарантирует сохранение и развитие исторического, культурного и творческого достояния Андорры, а также доступ к нему.

Статья 35
Права потребителей и пользователей гарантированы законом и защищены публичными властями.

Статья 36
Государство может создавать средства общественной коммуникации.
Закон определяет порядок их организации и контроля за ними при соблюдении принципов сотрудничества и плюрализма.

Глава VI
Обязанности андоррцев и иностранцев

Статья 37
Любые физические и юридические лица соразмерно их способностям вносят свой вклад в публичные расходы, содействуют справедливой фискальной системе, установленной законом и основанной на принципах всеобщности и справедливого распределения фискальных обязанностей.

Статья 38
Государство может учреждать законом различные виды гражданской национальной службы, исходя из общественного интереса.

Глава VII
Гарантии прав и свобод

Статья 39

Права и свободы, признанные главами III и IV настоящего Титула, подлежат прямому применению и непосредственно вменяются в обязанность публичных властей. Их содержание не может быть ограничено законом, а суды обеспечивают их защиту.
Иностранцы, законно обосновавшиеся в Андорре, могут свободно осуществлять права и свободы, признанные главой III настоящего Титула.
Права, признанные главой V настоящего Титула, составляют рамки законодательства и деятельности публичных властей, однако они могут взывать к ним только на условиях, установленных законом.

Статья 40
Осуществление прав, признанных настоящим Титулом, может быть регламентировано только законом. Регламентация прав и свобод, признанных главами III и IV, может быть осуществлена только специальным законом.

Статья 41

Закон организует защиту прав и свобод, признанных главами III и IV, обычными судами в соответствии со срочной процедурой, которая, в случае необходимости, предусматривает две инстанции.
Закон устанавливает особую процедуру судебного обжалования актов публичных властей, которые наносят ущерб правам, упомянутым в предыдущей части, кроме случаев, предусмотренных статьей 22.

Статья 42

Законом, принятым квалифицированным большинством, регламентируется состояние тревоги и чрезвычайное положение. Первое может быть объявлено в случае природной катастрофы на срок до пятнадцати дней, о чем уведомляется Генеральный совет. Второе объявляется Правительством на период до тридцати дней в случае нарушения нормального функционирования демократической жизни, после предварительного разрешения Генерального совета. Любое продление этих сроков требует одобрения Генерального совета.
Во время состояния тревоги осуществление прав, признанных статьями 21 и 27, может быть ограничено. Во время чрезвычайного положения права, упомянутые в части 2 статьи 9, в статьях 12, 15, 16, 19 и 21, могут быть приостановлены. Приостановление реализации прав, закрепленных в части 2 статьи 9 и в статье 15, всегда должно осуществляться под судебным контролем, с сохранением процедуры защиты, установленной частью 3 статьи 9.

Титул III
Соправители

Статья 43

В соответствии с институциональной традицией Андорры Соправители являются, совместно и раздельным образом, главой государства и воплощают собой верховное представительство.
Соправителями, как в учреждении, уходящем корнями в Пареаж и претерпевшем историческую эволюцию, являются в личном и исключительном качестве Епископ Урхельский и Президент Французской Республики. Их полномочия, которые основываются на настоящей Конституции, равны. Каждый их них приносит присягу и обязуется осуществлять свои полномочия в соответствии с настоящей Конституцией.

Статья 44

Соправители являются символами и гарантами незыблемости и преемственности Андорры, а также ее независимости и поддержания традиционного духа паритета и равновесия в отношениях с соседними государствами. Они являются выразителями согласованности андоррского государства в его международных обязательствах в соответствии с настоящей Конституцией.
Соправители являются арбитрами и гарантами стабильности деятельности публичных властей и институтов. По инициативе одного из них они регулярно информируются о государственных делах.
Кроме случаев, предусмотренных настоящей Конституцией, Соправители не ответственны. Ответственность за их акты возлагается на органы, которые их контрасигнуют.

Статья 45

Соправители, при условии контрасигнации их актов главой Правительства или, в неотложных случаях, председателем Генерального собрания, на которых возлагается политическая ответственность:

созывают избирателей на всеобщие выборы в соответствии с предписаниями Конституции;
созывают избирателей на референдум в соответствии со статьями 76 и 106 Конституции;
назначают главу Правительства в соответствии с процедурой, предусмотренной Конституцией;
подписывают декрет о роспуске Генерального совета в соответствии с процедурой, предусмотренной статьей 71 Конституции;
аккредитуют дипломатических представителей Андорры за рубежом и принимают аккредитацию иностранных представителей в Андорре;
назначают должностных лиц других государственных учреждений в соответствии с Конституцией и законами;
санкционируют и обнародуют законы в применение статьи 63 настоящей Конституции;
выражают согласие государства на принятие обязательств по международным договорам на условиях, предусмотренных главой III Титула IV Конституции;
выполняют иные акты, прямо возложенные на них Конституцией.

Акты, предусмотренные в пунктах "g" и "h" первой части настоящей статьи, одновременно передаются Соправителям на их санкционирование, обнародование или выражение согласия государства, а также предписания их публикации в срок от восьми до пятнадцати дней, в зависимости от обстоятельств.

В течение этого периода Соправители, совместно или порознь, могут обратиться в Конституционный Трибунал с мотивированным обращением, чтобы он высказался об их конституционности. Если решение Трибунала будет положительным, акт может быть промульгирован за подписью одного из Соправителей.

Когда обстоятельства препятствуют одному из Соправителей взять на себя выполнение одного из актов, перечисленных в части 1 настоящей статьи, в предусмотренные конституционные сроки, его представитель уведомляет об этом председателя Генерального совета или, в неотложных случаях, главу Правительства. В этом случае соответствующие акты, нормы и решения вступают в силу в момент истечения указанных сроков за подписью другого Соправителя и контрасигнацией главой Правительства или, в неотложных случаях, Председателем Генерального совета.

Статья 46

Соправители свободно решают о:

совместном осуществлении права помилования;
создании и структуре служб, которые они считают необходимыми для реализации их институциональных функций, а также назначении должностных лиц и поддержки последних во всех действиях;
назначении членов Высшего совета Правосудия в соответствии с частью 2 статьи 89 Конституции;
назначении членов Конституционного Трибунала в соответствии с частью 1 статьи 96 Конституции;
предварительном обращении в Конституционный Трибунал о неконституционности законов;
обращении в Конституционный Трибунал о неконституционности международных договоров перед их ратификацией;
обращении в Конституционный Трибунал о конфликте в сфере их конституционных полномочий в соответствии с предписаниями статей 98 и 103 Конституции;
своем согласии на одобрение международного договора перед его рассмотрением на парламентской сессии в соответствии с предписаниями статьи 66 Конституции.

Акты, предусмотренные статьями 45 и 46, совершаются лично Соправителями, за исключением актов, упомянутых в пунктах "е", "f", "g" и 'h" части 1 настоящей статьи, которые могут быть делегированы.

Статья 47
Общий бюджет Княжества выделяет идентичную дотацию каждому Соправителю, которые свободно ею распоряжаются для обеспечения деятельности своих служб.

Статья 48
Каждый Соправитель назначает личного представителя в Андорре.

Статья 49
В случае вакантности поста одного из Соправителей настоящая Конституция признает действительность временно исполняемых процедур, предусмотренных их соответствующими статутами, для того, чтобы нормальное функционирование андоррских институтов не было прервано.

Титул IV
Генеральный совет

Статья 50
Генеральный совет, обеспечивая смешанное и паритетное представительство всего местного населения и семи общин в отдельности, представляет андоррский народ, осуществляет законодательную власть, одобряет государственный бюджет, определяет политику Правительства и контролирует ее проведение.

Глава I
Организация Генерального совета

Статья 51

Советники избираются всеобщими, свободными, равными, прямыми и тайными выборами на четырехлетний срок. Их мандат завершается по истечении этого срока или в день роспуска Генерального совета.
Выборы проводятся между тридцатым и сороковым днями после истечения мандата советников.
Все андоррцы, пользующиеся политическими правами, являются избирателями и могут быть избраны.
Закон, принимаемый квалифицированным большинством, устанавливает правила, применяемые в избирательной сфере, и определяет режим неизбираемости и несовместимости с мандатом советников.

Статья 52
Генеральный совет включает не менее двадцати восьми и не более сорока генеральных советников, половина которых избирается в равном представительстве семью общинами, а другая половина - национальным округом.

Статья 53

Члены Генерального совета имеют одинаковую представительную природу, равные права и обязанности и не подчиняются никоим образом императивному мандату. Голосование носит личный характер и не может быть делегировано.
Советники не несут ответственности за голосование и мнения, выраженные при осуществлении их функций.
В течение срока их мандата генеральные советники не могут быть арестованы или задержаны, кроме случаев очевидного деликта. За исключением последнего случая, решение об их аресте, обвинении и преследовании принимается на пленарном заседании уголовного суда, а судебное разбирательство проводится Верховным судом.

Статья 54
Генеральный совет принимает и изменяет свой собственный регламент абсолютным большинством своих членов. Он определяет свой бюджет и статус персонала своих служб.

Статья 55

Синдикатура является руководящим органом Генерального совета.
Генеральный совет собирается на учредительную сессию через пятнадцать дней после объявления результатов выборов и избирает в течение этой сессии Генерального синдика, в случае необходимости, в соответствии с регламентом, членов Синдикатуры.
Генеральный синдик и Генеральный субсиндик не могут осуществлять свои обязанности более двух полных сроков легислатур подряд.

Статья 56

Генеральный совет собирается на обычные и внеочередные сессии на условиях, предусмотренных регламентом. Регламент предусматривает две обычные сессии ежегодно. Заседания Генерального совета публичны, если он не выскажется о закрытом заседании абсолютным большинством своих членов.
Генеральный совет собирается в пленарном заседании и в комиссиях. Регламент определяет условия, на которых формируются законодательные комиссии, способ, которым они должны представлять состав палат.
Генеральный совет назначает Постоянную комиссию для соблюдения полномочий Палаты, когда последняя распущена или в меж сессионный период. Председательствует в Постоянной комиссии Генеральный синдик; Комиссия формируется с соблюдением паритетного состава Палаты.
Советники могут создавать парламентские группы. Парламент определяет права и обязанности парламентских групп, а также статус советников, не входящих в эти группы.

Статья 57

Генеральный совет может принимать резолюции в присутствии не менее половины генеральных советников.
Резолюции одобряются простым большинством присутствующих советников, кроме случаев, когда Конституция предусматривает квалифицированное большинство.
Специальные законы, предусмотренные Конституцией, принимаются абсолютным большинством Генерального совета, за исключением законов, касающихся избирательного режима и референдума, компетенции общин и передачи ресурсов последним, и требуют для одобрения абсолютного большинства советников, избранных от общин, а также абсолютного большинства советников, избранных по национальному округу.

Глава II
Законодательная процедура

Статья 58

Законодательная инициатива принадлежит Генеральному совету и Правительству.
Предложения законов могут быть представлены в Генеральный совет совместно тремя общинами или одной десятой национального избирательного корпуса.
Проекты и предложения законов рассматриваются на пленарном заседании и в комиссиях на условиях, предусмотренных регламентом.

Статья 59
Генеральный совет может законом делегировать осуществление законодательной функции Правительству, которое ни в коем случае не может делегировать это право кому-либо. Закон о делегировании определяет содержание и условия осуществления, а также период делегирования. Разрешение предусматривает способы контроля Генеральным советом за делегированным законодательством.

Статья 60

В случае чрезвычайной срочности или необходимости Правительство может представить в Генеральный совет законопроект, который должен быть одобрен в целом единственным голосованием в двадцать четыре часа.
Предметы ведения, зарезервированные за законами, принимаемыми специальным большинством, не могут быть объектом ни законодательного делегирования, ни процедуры, предусмотренной первой частью настоящей статьи.

Статья 61

Инициатива по внесению законопроекта об общем бюджете принадлежит исключительно Правительству, которое представляет его на парламентское одобрение не менее чем за два месяца до истечения предыдущего бюджета.
Законопроект об общем бюджете рассматривается в приоритетном порядке в соответствии со специальной процедурой, предусмотренной регламентом.
Если общий бюджет не был одобрен до первого дня его исполнения, действие предыдущего бюджета автоматически продлевается до принятия нового бюджета.
Закон об общем бюджете не может вводить новые налоги.
Комиссия по финансам Генерального совета ежегодно рассматривает исполнение бюджета.

Статья 62

Советники и парламентские группы имеют право вносить поправки в проекты и предложения законов.
Правительство может потребовать, чтобы поправки, которые увеличивают расходы или уменьшают доходы, предусмотренные общим бюджетом, не ставились на обсуждение. Генеральный совет абсолютным большинством своих членов может воспротивиться этому требованию мотивированной резолюцией.

Статья 63
Законы, принятые Генеральным советом, передаются Генеральным синдиком Соправителям, которые в срок между восьмым и пятнадцатым последующими днями санкционируют, промульгируют и предписывают их публикацию в Официальном бюллетене Княжества Андорра.

Глава III
Международные договоры

Статья 64

Генеральный совет одобряет абсолютным большинством своих членов следующие международные договоры:

договоры о присоединении государства к международной организации;
договоры, касающиеся внутренней безопасности и обороны;
договоры, касающиеся территории Андорры;
договоры, которые касаются основных прав личности, перечисленных в Титуле II;
договоры, которые влекут новые обязательства в сфере публичных финансов;
договоры, которые устанавливают или изменяют предписания законодательного характера или обязывают Генеральный совет изменить существующее законодательство для их исполнения;
договоры, касающиеся дипломатического представительства или консульских функций, судебного или пенитенциарного сотрудничества.

Правительство информирует Генеральный совет и Соправителей о заключении других международных соглашений.
Предварительное одобрение абсолютным большинством Палаты необходимо для денонсации международных договоров по вопросам, перечисленным в первой части.

Статья 65
В интересах андоррского народа, прогресса и международного мира законодательные, регламентарные или судебные полномочия могут быть переданы международным организациям договором, одобренным большинством в две трети членов Генерального совета.

Статья 66

Соправители принимают участие в переговорах относительно договоров, касающихся отношений с соседними государствами по вопросам, перечисленным в пунктах "b", "с" и "g" части 1 статьи 64.
Андоррская делегация, миссия которой состоит в ведении переговоров по договорам, указанным в предыдущей части, включает, помимо членов, назначаемых Правительством, по одному члену, назначаемому каждым Соправителем.
Для принятия договора необходимо согласие членов, назначенных Правительством, и каждого из членов, назначенных Соправителями.

Статья 67
Соправители информируются по иным проектам международных договоров и соглашений перед их парламентским одобрением. По просьбе Правительства они могут быть допущены к переговорам, если национальные интересы Андорры того требуют.

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Constitution de la Principauté d'Andorre

2014-08-11 17:11:00 (читать в оригинале)

Constitution de la Principauté d'Andorre

PREAMBULE

Le Peuple Andorran, en pleine liberté et indépendance, et dans l'exercice de sa propre souveraineté,

Conscient de la nécessité d'adapter les Institutions de l'Andorre à la situation nouvelle découlant de l'évolution de son environnement géographique, historique et socio-culturel, ainsi que de celle d'organiser les relations que devront entretenir, dans ce nouveau cadre juridique, des institutions qui ont leur origine dans les Pareatges.,

Convaincu de l'utilité qu'il y a à se doter de tous les mécanismes susceptibles de garantir la sécurité juridique dans l'exercice des droits fondamentaux de la personne, lesquels, s'ils ont toujours été présents dans la société andorrane et respectés par celle-ci, ne faisaient pas l'objet d'une véritable réglementation,

Décidé à persévérer dans la promotion de valeurs telles que la liberté, la justice, la démocratie et le progrès social, et à maintenir et renforcer les relations harmonieuses de l'Andorre avec le reste du monde, tout spécialement avec les pays qui sont ses voisins, sur la base du respect mutuel, de la coexistence et de la paix,

Déterminé à apporter sa contribution et son soutien à toutes les causes communes de l'humanité, notamment pour préserver l'intégrité de la Terre et garantir un environnement adéquat aux générations futures,

Souhaitant que la devise "Virtus, Unita, Fortior", qui a présidé au cheminement pacifique de l'Andorre pendant plus de sept cents ans d'histoire, demeure pleinement vivante et qu'elle inspire toujours les actes des andorrans,

Approuve souverainement la présente Constitution.

TITRE I

DE LA SOUVERAINETE DE L'ANDORRE

Article 1

1. L'Andorre est un Etat de droit, indépendant, démocratique et social. Sa dénomination officielle est Principat d'Andorra..

2. La Constitution proclame que l'Etat Andorran respecte et promeut, dans son action, les principes de liberté, d'égalité, de justice, de tolérance, de défense des droits de l'homme, ainsi que la dignité de la personne.

3. La souveraineté réside dans le peuple andorran, qui l'exerce par la voie de son suffrage et des institutions établies par la présente Constitution.

4. Le régime de l'Andorre est le Coprincipat parlementaire.

5. L'Andorre est composée des Parròquies de Canillo, Encamp, Ordino, La Massana, Andorra la Vella, Sant Julià de Lòria et Escaldes-Engordany.

Article 2

1. La langue officielle de l'Etat est le catalan.

2. L'hymne national, le drapeau et l'écusson de l'Andorre sont ceux que la tradition lui a donnés.

3. Andorra la Vella est la capitale de l'Etat.

Article 3

1. La présente Constitution, qui est la norme suprême de l'ordre juridique andorran, lie tous les pouvoirs publics et les citoyens.

2. Elle garantit les principes de légalité, de hiérarchie et de publicité des normes juridiques, de non rétroactivité des dispositions restrictives des droits individuels, ayant un effet défavorable ou établissant une peine plus sévère, ainsi que ceux de sûreté juridique et de responsabilité des pouvoirs publics. Tout arbitraire est prohibé.

3. L'Andorre reconnaît les principes de droit international public universellement admis.

4. Les traités et les accords internationaux s'intègrent dans l'ordre juridique andorran dès leur publication au Butlletí Oficial del Principat d'Andorra, et ne peuvent être modifiés ou abrogés par la loi.

TITRE II

DES DROITS ET DES LIBERTES

Chapitre I. Principes généraux

Article 4

La Constitution reconnaît l'intangibilité de la dignité humaine et garantit en conséquence les droits inviolables et imprescriptibles de la personne, qui constituent le fondement de l'organisation politique, de la paix sociale et de la justice.

Article 5

La Déclaration Universelle des Droits de l'Homme est intégrée à l'ordre juridique andorran.

Article 6

1. Toutes les personnes sont égales devant la loi. Nul ne peut faire l'objet d'une discrimination, notamment pour des raisons de naissance, de race, de sexe, d'origine, de religion, d'opinion ou de toute autre condition tenant à sa situation personnelle ou sociale.

2.Il appartient aux pouvoirs publics de créer les conditions pour que l'égalité et la liberté des individus soient réelles et effectives.

Chapitre II. De la nationalité andorrane

Article 7

1. Une Llei Qualificada détermine les règles d'acquisition et de perte de la nationalité ainsi que tous les effets juridiques qui s'y rattachent.

2. L'acquisition ou la conservation d'une nationalité différente de la nationalité andorrane entraîne la perte de cette dernière dans les conditions et les délais fixés par la loi.

Chapitre III. Des droits fondamentaux de la personne et des libertés publiques

1. La Constitution reconnaît le droit à la vie et la protège pleinement dans ses différentes phases.

2. Toute personne a droit à l'intégrité physique et morale. Nul ne peut être soumis à des tortures ou à des peines et des traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants.

3. La peine de mort est interdite.

Article 9

1. Toute personne a droit à la liberté et à la sécurité et ne peut en être privée que pour les motifs et selon les procédures prévus par la présente Constitution et par la loi.

2. La garde à vue ne peut excéder le temps nécessaire aux besoins de l'enquête, et, en aucun cas, dépasser quarante huit heures, délai au terme duquel le détenu doit être présenté à l'autorité judiciaire.

3. La loi détermine les procédures destinées à permettre à tout détenu de s'adresser à un organe judiciaire pour qu'il se prononce sur la légalité de sa détention, et à toute personne privée de liberté d'obtenir le rétablissement de ses droits fondamentaux.

4. Nul ne peut être condamné ou sanctionné pour une action ou une omission qui, au moment des faits, ne constituait pas un délit, une faute ou une infraction.

Article 10

1. Toute personne a droit au recours devant une juridiction, à obtenir de celle-ci une décision fondée en droit, ainsi qu'à un procès équitable, devant un tribunal impartial créé préalablement par la loi.

2. Est garanti à chacun le droit à la défense et à l'assistance d'un avocat, le droit à un procès d'une durée raisonnable, à la présomption d'innocence, à être informé de l'accusation, à ne pas être contraint de se déclarer coupable, à ne pas faire de déclaration contre soi-même et, en cas de procès pénal, à l'exercice d'un recours.

3. La loi prévoit les cas où, pour garantir le principe d'égalité, la justice doit être gratuite.

1. La Constitution garantit la liberté de pensée, de religion et de culte, et le droit de toute personne de ne pas déclarer ou manifester sa pensée, sa religion ou ses croyances.

2. La liberté de manifester sa propre religion ou ses croyances est soumise aux seules limites établies par la loi et nécessaires à la protection de la sécurité, de l'ordre, de la santé et de la morale publiques ou des droits et des libertés fondamentales d'autrui.

3. La Constitution garantit a l'Église Catholique l'exercice libre et public de ses activités et le maintien de ses relations de collaboration particulière avec l'Etat, conformément à la tradition andorrane.

La Constitution reconnaît aux entités créées par l'Église Catholique qui possèdent une personnalité juridique selon ses propres normes la pleine capacité juridique au sein de l'ordre général andorran.

Article 12

Sont reconnues les libertés d'expression, de communication et d'information. Sont également reconnus, dans les conditions prévues par la loi, les droits de réponse et de rectification, et la protection du secret professionnel. La censure préalable ou tout autre moyen de contrôle idéologique de la part des pouvoirs publics demeurent interdits.

Article 13

1. La loi détermine les règles relatives au mariage et à la condition civile des personnes. Sont reconnus les effets civils du mariage canonique.

2. Il appartient aux pouvoirs publics de promouvoir une politique de protection de la famille, élément de base de la société.

3. Les époux ont les mêmes droits et les mêmes obligations. Les enfants sont égaux devant la loi, indépendamment de leur filiation.

Article 14

Toute personne a droit au respect de son intimité, de son honneur et de son image. Chacun a droit à la protection de la loi contre les intrusions illégales dans sa vie privée et familiale.

Article 15

Est garantie l'inviolabilité du domicile. Nul ne peut y entrer sans le consentement de l'intéressé ou sans un mandat judiciaire, sauf en cas de flagrant délit. Est également garanti le secret des communications auquel il ne peut être porté atteinte que sur autorisation judiciaire motivée.

Article 16

Sont reconnus les droits de réunion et de manifestation pacifiques à des fins licites. L'exercice du droit de manifestation exige l'information préalable des autorités, sans qu'il puisse être porté atteinte à la libre circulation des personnes et des biens.

Article 17

Est reconnu le droit d'association dans des buts licites. La loi établit, aux fins de publicité, un Registre des associations.

Article 18

Est reconnu le droit à la création et au fonctionnement d'organisations professionnelles, patronales et syndicales. Sans préjudice de leurs liens avec des organisations internationales, elles doivent être de caractère andorran, disposer d'une autonomie propre hors de toute dépendance organique étrangère. Leur fonctionnement doit être démocratique.

Article 19

Les travailleurs et les chefs d'entreprises ont le droit de défendre leurs intérêts économiques et sociaux. La loi détermine les conditions d'exercice de ce droit afin de garantir le fonctionnement des services essentiels à la communauté.

Article 20

1. Toute personne a droit à l'éducation, dont la finalité doit être le plein épanouissement de la personnalité humaine et de la dignité, dans le respect de la liberté et des droits fondamentaux.

2. Sont reconnues la liberté d'enseignement et celle de créer des centres d'enseignement.

3. Les parents ont le droit de choisir le type d'éducation que doivent recevoir leurs enfants. Ils ont également droit, pour leurs enfants, à une éducation morale ou religieuse conforme à leurs propres convictions.

Article 21

1. Toute personne a le droit de circuler librement sur le territoire national, ainsi que de sortir du pays et d'y entrer, dans les conditions prévues par la loi.

2. Les nationaux et les étrangers légalement établis ont le droit de fixer librement leur résidence sur le territoire de la Principauté.

Article 22

Le non renouvellement d'une autorisation de résidence ou l'expulsion d'un étranger résidant légalement en Andorre ne peut intervenir que pour les motifs et dans les conditions prévues par la loi, en application d'une décision de justice définitive si l'intéressé exerce son droit de recours devant une juridiction.

Article 23

Toute personne directement concernée a le droit d'adresser une pétition aux pouvoirs publics dans la forme et avec les effets prévus par la loi.

Chapitre IV. Des droits politiques des andorrans

Article 24

Tous les andorrans majeurs, non déchus de leurs droits, jouissent du droit de vote.

Article 25

Tous les andorrans ont droit à un égal accès aux fonctions et aux charges publiques, conformément aux dispositions fixées par la loi. L'exercice des fonctions institutionnelles est réservé aux andorrans, sauf dans les cas prévus par la présente Constitution ou par les traités internationaux.

Article 26

Les andorrans ont le droit de créer librement des partis politiques. Leur fonctionnement et leur organisation doivent être démocratiques, et leurs activités conformes à la loi. La suspension de leurs activités et leur dissolution ne peuvent être ordonnées que par l'autorité judiciaire.

Chapitre V. Des droits et des principes économiques, sociaux et culturels

Article 27

1. Le droit à la propriété privée et à l'héritage est reconnu, sans autres limites que celles qui découlent de l'intérêt général.

2. Nul ne peut être privé de ses biens ou de ses droits, si ce n'est pour un motif d'intérêt général, moyennant une juste indemnisation et dans les conditions fixées par la loi.

Article 28

La liberté d'entreprise est reconnue dans le cadre de l'économie de marché et s'exerce dans le respect des lois.

Article 29

Toute personne a droit au travail, à la promotion sociale par le travail, à une rémunération suffisante pour assurer au travailleur et à sa famille une existence conforme à la dignité humaine. Elle a également droit à une limitation raisonnable de la journée de travail, au repos hebdomadaire et aux congés payés.

Article 30

Le droit à la protection de la santé est reconnu de même qu'au bénéfice des prestations sociales pour les autres besoins. Dans ce but, l'Etat assure un système de Sécurité Sociale.

Article 31

Il appartient à l'Etat de veiller à l'utilisation rationnelle du sol et de toutes les ressources naturelles afin de garantir à chacun une qualité de vie digne, ainsi que de rétablir et de préserver pour les générations futures un équilibre écologique rationnel de l'atmosphère, de l'eau et de la terre, et de protéger la flore et la faune locale.

Article 32

L'Etat peut intervenir dans l'organisation de la vie économique, commerciale, financière et du travail pour assurer, dans le cadre de l'économie de marché, un développement équilibré de la société ainsi que le bien-être général.

Article 33

Les pouvoirs publics doivent s'efforcer d'assurer les conditions nécessaires pour permettre à chacun de jouir d'un logement digne.

Article 34

L'Etat garantit la conservation et le développement du patrimoine historique, culturel et artistique de l'Andorre, ainsi que l'accès à celui-ci.

Article 35

Les droits des consommateurs et des usagers sont garantis par la loi et protégés par les pouvoirs publics.

Article 36

L'Etat peut créer des moyens de communication sociale. La loi en détermine l'organisation et le contrôle par le Consell General, dans le respect des principes de la participation et du pluralisme.

Chapitre VI. Des devoirs des andorrans et des étrangers

Article 37

Toutes les personnes physiques et morales contribuent aux dépenses publiques selon leur capacité, à l'aide d'un système fiscal juste, établi par la loi et fondé sur les principes d'universalité et de répartition équitable des charges fiscales.

Article 38

L'Etat peut instituer par la loi des formes de service civique national à des fins d'intérêt général.

Chapitre VII. Des garanties des droits et des libertés

Article 39

1. Les droits et les libertés reconnus aux Chapitres III et IV du présent Titre sont directement applicables et s'imposent immédiatement aux pouvoirs publics. Leur portée ne peut être limitée par la loi et les Tribunaux en assurent la protection.

2. Les étrangers qui résident légalement en Andorre peuvent exercer librement les droits et les libertés reconnus au Chapitre III du présent Titre.

3. Les droits reconnus au Chapitre V du présent Titre constituent le cadre de la législation et de l'action des pouvoirs publics, mais ils ne peuvent être invoqués que dans les conditions fixées par la loi.

Article 40

L'exercice des droits reconnus dans le présent Titre ne peut être réglementé que par la loi. Celui des droits et des libertés reconnus aux Chapitres III et IV ne peut l'être que par la Llei Qualificada.

Article 41

1. La loi organise la protection des droits et des libertés reconnus aux Chapitres III et IV devant les tribunaux ordinaires, selon une procédure d'urgence qui, dans tous les cas, prévoit deux instances.

2. La loi établit une procédure exceptionnelle de recours devant le Tribunal Constitucional (recours d'empara) contre les actes des pouvoirs publics qui portent atteinte aux droits mentionnés dans le paragraphe précédent, sauf pour le cas prévu à l'article 22.

Article 42

1. Une Llei Qualificada réglemente l'état d'alerte et l'état d'urgence. Le premier peut être déclaré par le Govern en cas de catastrophe naturelle, pour une durée de quinze jours, et fait l'objet d'une notification au Consell General. Le second est également déclaré par le Govern, pour une période de trente jours, en cas d'interruption du fonctionnement normal de la vie démocratique, après autorisation préalable du Consell General. Toute prorogation de ces dispositions requiert nécessairement l'approbation du Consell General.

2. Pendant l'état d'alerte, l'exercice des droits reconnus aux articles 21 et 27 peut être limité. Pendant l'état d'urgence, les droits mentionnés dans les articles 9.2, 12, 15, 16, 19 et 21 peuvent être suspendus. L'application de cette suspension aux droits contenus dans les articles 9 alinéa 2 et 15 doit toujours être effectuée sous le contrôle de la justice, sans préjudice de la procédure de protection établie à l'article 9 alinéa 3.

TITRE III

DES COPRÍNCEPS

Article 43

1. Conformément à la tradition institutionnelle de l'Andorre, les Coprínceps sont, conjointement et de manière indivise, le Cap de l'Estat et en incarnent la plus haute représentation.

2. Les Coprínceps, institution issue des Pareatges et de leur évolution historique, sont, à titre personnel et exclusif, l'Evêque d'Urgell et le Président de la République Française. Leurs pouvoirs, qui procèdent de la présente Constitution, sont égaux. Chacun d'eux jure ou promet d'exercer ses fonctions conformément à la présente Constitution.

Article 44

1. Les Coprínceps sont le symbole et les garants de la permanence et de la continuité de l'Andorre ainsi que de son indépendance et du maintien du traditionnel esprit de parité et d'équilibre dans les relations avec les Etats voisins. Ils manifestent l'accord de L'Etat Andorran dans ses engagements internationaux, conformément aux dispositions de la présente Constitution.

2. Les Coprínceps sont les arbitres et les modérateurs du fonctionnement des pouvoirs publics et des institutions. A l'initiative de l'un d'entre eux, du Síndic General ou du Cap de Govern ils sont régulièrement informés des affaires de L'Etat.

3. Sauf dans les cas prévus par la présente Constitution, les Coprínceps ne sont pas responsables. La responsabilité de leurs actes incombe aux Autorités qui les contresignent.

Article 45

1. Les Coprínceps, avec le contreseing du Cap de Govern ou, le cas échéant, du Síndic General, qui en assument la responsabilité politique:

a) convoquent les électeurs en vue des élections générales, conformément aux dispositions de la Constitution;

b) convoquent les électeurs en vue des opérations de référendum, conformément aux articles 76 et 106 de la Constitution;

c) nomment le Cap de Govern selon la procédure prévue par la Constitution;

d) signent le décret de dissolution du Consell General selon la procédure prévue à l'article 71 de la Constitution;

e) accréditent les représentants diplomatiques de l'Andorre à l'étranger et reçoivent l'accréditation des représentants étrangers en Andorre;

f) nomment les titulaires des autres institutions de l'Etat conformément à la Constitution et aux lois;

g) sanctionnent et promulguent les lois en application de l'article 63 de la présente Constitution;

h) expriment l'accord de l'Etat à s'engager dans des traités internationaux dans les conditions prévues au Chapitre III du Titre IV de la Constitution;

i) accomplissent les autres actes que la Constitution leur attribue expressément.

2. Les actes prévus aux g) et h) du premier alinéa du présent article sont présentés simultanément à l'un et à l'autre des Coprínceps pour que, selon les cas, ils les sanctionnent et les promulguent ou expriment l'accord de l'Etat, et en ordonnent la publication dans un délai de huit à quinze jours.

Au cours de cette période, les Coprínceps, conjointement ou séparément, peuvent s'adresser au Tribunal Constitucional par un message motivé afin qu'il se prononce sur leur constitutionnalité. Si la décision du Tribunal est positive, l'acte peut être promulgué avec la signature de l'un des Coprínceps.

3. Lorsque des circonstances empêchent l'un des Coprínceps de procéder à l'accomplissement des actes énumérés au paragraphe 1 du présent article dans les délais constitutionnellement prévus, son Représentant le notifie au Síndic General ou, le cas échéant, au Cap de Govern. Dans ce cas, les actes, normes ou décisions concernés entrent en vigueur une fois écoulés lesdits délais, avec la signature de l'autre Copríncep et le contreseing du Cap de Govern ou, le cas échéant, du Síndic General.

Article 46

1. Les Coprínceps décident librement:

a) de l'exercice conjoint du droit de grâce;

b) de la création et de l'organisation des Services qu'ils estiment nécessaires pour l'exercice de leurs fonctions institutionnelles, ainsi que de la nomination de leurs titulaires et de l'accréditation de ces derniers à tous effets;

c) de la désignation des membres du Consell Superior de la Justícia, conformément à l'article 89 alinéa 2 de la Constitution;

d) de la nomination des membres du Tribunal Constitucional, conformément à l'article 96 alinéa 1 de la Constitution;

e) de la saisine préalable du Tribunal Constitucional sur l'inconstitutionnalité des lois;

f) de la saisine du Tribunal Constitucional sur l'inconstitutionnalité des Traités Internationaux avant leur ratification;

g) de la saisine du Tribunal Constitucional pour conflit de compétences, lorsque les leurs sont en cause, conformément aux dispositions des articles 98 et 103 de la Constitution;

h) de leur accord pour l'adoption d'un traité international, avant son approbation en session parlementaire, conformément aux dispositions de l'article 66 de la présente Constitution.

2. Les actes prévus aux articles 45 et 46 sont accomplis personnellement par les Coprínceps, à l'exception de ceux mentionnés aux e), f), g), et h) de l'alinéa 1 du présent article qui peuvent l'être par délégation expresse.

Article 47

Le Budget Général de la Principauté attribue une dotation identique à chacun des Coprínceps, dont ceux-ci peuvent disposer librement pour le fonctionnement de leurs services.

Article 48

Chaque Copríncep nomme un Représentant personnel en Andorre.

Article 49

En cas de vacance de l'un des Coprínceps, la présente Constitution reconnaît la validité des procédures d'intérim prévues par leurs statuts respectifs, afin que le fonctionnement normal des institutions andorranes ne soit pas interrompu.

TITRE IV

DU CONSELL GENERAL

Article 50

Le Consell General, qui assure une représentation mixte et paritaire de la population nationale et des sept Parròquies, représente le peuple andorran, exerce le pouvoir législatif, approuve le Budget de l'Etat, donne l'impulsion à l'action politique du Govern et la contrôle.

Chapitre I. De l'organisation du Consell General

Article 51

1. Les Consellers sont élus au suffrage universel, libre, égal, direct et secret pour une durée de quatre ans. Leur mandat s'achève à ce terme ou le jour de la dissolution du Consell General.

2. Les élections se déroulent trente à quarante jours après l'expiration du mandat des Consellers.

3. Tous les andorrans en pleine possession de leurs droits politiques sont électeurs et éligibles.

4. Une Llei Qualificada fixe les règles applicables en matière électorale et définit le régime des inéligibilités et des incompatibilités des Consellers.

Article 52

Le Consell General comprend au moins vingt huit et au maximum quarante deux Consellers Generals, dont la moitié sont élus à raison d'un nombre égal pour chacune des sept Parròquies et l'autre moitié par circonscription nationale.

Article 53

1. Les membres du Consell General ont la même nature représentative, sont égaux en droits et en devoirs et ne sont soumis à aucune sorte de mandat impératif. Leur vote est personnel et ne peut être délégué.

2. Les Consellers ne sont pas responsables pour les votes et les opinions qu'ils émettent dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions.

3. Pendant la durée de leur mandat, les Consellers ne peuvent être arrêtés ou détenus, sauf en cas de flagrant délit. Hormis ce cas, il appartient au Tribunal de Corts en session plénière de décider de leur arrestation, de leur inculpation et de leur poursuite. Le Tribunal Superior procède à leur jugement.

Article 54

Le Consell General approuve et modifie son propre Règlement à la majorité absolue de ses membres. Il fixe son budget et arrête le statut du personnel de ses services.

Article 55

1. La Sindicatura est l'organe dirigeant du Consell General.

2. Le Consell General se réunit en session constitutive quinze jours après la proclamation des résultats des élections et élit, au cours de la même session, le Síndic General, le Subsíndic General et, le cas échéant, les autres membres qui, en application du Règlement, peuvent faire partie de la Sindicatura.

3. Le Síndic General et le Subsíndic General ne peuvent exercer leur charge au-delà de deux mandats consécutifs complets.

Article 56

1. Le Consell General se réunit en sessions traditionnelles, ordinaires et extraordinaires, dans les conditions prévues par le Règlement. Le Règlement prévoit deux sessions ordinaires dans l'année. Les séances du Consell General sont publiques, sauf s'il décide le huis clos à la majorité absolue de ses membres.

2. Le Consell General se réunit en séance plénière et en commissions. Le Règlement fixe les conditions dans lesquelles sont constituées les commissions législatives, de manière à ce qu'elles soient représentatives de la composition de la Chambre.

3. Le Consell General nomme une Comissió Permanent pour veiller au respect des prérogatives de l'Assemblée lorsque celle-ci est dissoute ou en période d'intersession. La Comissio Permanent est présidée par le Síndic General; elle est formée de manière à respecter la composition paritaire de la Chambre.

4. Les Consellers peuvent créer des grups parlamentaris. Le Règlement fixe les droits et les devoirs des Consellers et des grups parlamentaris, ainsi que le statut des Consellers non inscrits.

Article 57

1. Le Consell General ne peut adopter valablement des résolutions que si la moitié au moins des Consellers Generals sont présents.

2. Les résolutions sont approuvées à la majorité simple des Consellers présents, sauf lorsque des majorités spéciales sont prévues par la Constitution.

3. Les Lleis Qualificades prévues par la Constitution sont adoptées à la majorité absolue des membres du Consell General, à l'exception de celles concernant le régime électoral et le référendum, les compétences des Comuns et les transferts de ressources à ceux-ci, qui nécessitent, pour leur approbation, la majorité absolue des Consellers élus en circonscription paroissiale ainsi que celle des Consellers élus en circonscription nationale.

Chapitre II. De la procédure législative

Article 58

1. L'initiative législative appartient au Consell General et au Govern.

2. Des propositions de loi peuvent être présentées au Consell General par trois Comuns conjointement ou par un dixième du corps électoral national.

3. Les projets et les propositions de loi sont examinés en session plénière et par les commissions dans les conditions prévues par le Règlement.

Article 59

Le Consell General peut, à l'aide d'une loi, déléguer l'exercice de la fonction législative au Govern, lequel ne peut, en aucun cas, la subdéléguer. La loi de délégation fixe le contenu et les conditions d'exercice ainsi que la durée de la délégation. L'autorisation prévoit les modalités du contrôle de la législation déléguée par le Consell General.

Article 60

1. En cas d'extrême urgence et de nécessité, le Govern peut présenter au Consell General un projet de loi pour qu'il soit approuvé, par un vote unique portant sur l'ensemble de ses articles, dans un délai de quarante-huit heures.

2. Les matières réservées à la Llei Qualificada ne peuvent faire l'objet ni d'une délégation législative ni de la procédure prévue au paragraphe 1 du présent article.

Article 61

1. L'initiative du projet de Loi du Budget Général appartient exclusivement au Govern, qui le présente à l'approbation parlementaire au moins deux mois avant l'expiration du précédent budget.

2. Le projet de loi du Budget Général est examiné en priorité, selon une procédure spéciale, prévue par le Règlement.

3. Si la loi du Budget Général n'est pas adoptée avant le premier jour de l'exercice budgétaire, le budget de l'exercice précédent est automatiquement prorogé jusqu'à l'approbation du nouveau.

4. La loi du Budget Général ne peut créer des impôts.

5. La Commission des Finances du Consell General examine chaque année l'exécution du budget.

Article 62

1. Les Consellers et les grups parlamentaris ont le droit d'amender les projets et les propositions de loi.

2. Le Govern peut demander que ne soient pas débattus les amendements qui impliquent une augmentation des dépenses ou une diminution des recettes prévues dans le Budget Général. Le Consell General, à la majorité absolue de ses membres, peut s'opposer à cette demande par une motion motivée.

Article 63

Lorsque les lois ont été adopté

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Constitution of the Principality of Andorra

2014-08-11 17:05:00 (читать в оригинале)

Constitution of the Principality of Andorra

PREAMBLE

The Andorran People, with full liberty and independence, and in the exercise of their own sovereignty,

Conscious of the need to conform the institutional structure of Andorra to the new circumstances brought about by the evolution of the geographical, historical and socio-cultural environment in which it is situated, as well as of the need to regulate the relations which the institutions dating back to the Pareatges. shall have within this new legal framework,

Resolved of the need to be endowed with all the mechanisms leading to juridical security in the exercise of the fundamental rights of the individual, which, although always present and respected in the nature of Andorran society, have not received the protection of any kind of general laws,

Eager to use every endeavour to promote values such as liberty, justice, democracy and social progress, and to keep and strengthen the harmonious relations of Andorra with the rest of the world, and especially with the neighbouring countries, on the basis of mutual respect, co-existence and peace,

Willing to bring their collaboration and effort to all the common causes of mankind, and especially to those of preserving the integrity of the Earth and guaranteeing an environment fit for life for the coming generations,

Desiring that the motto "virtus, unita, fortior", which has presided over the peaceful journey of Andorra over its more than seven hundred years of history, may continue to be a completely valid principle and may always guide the conduct of Andorrans,

Approve the present Constitution, in the exercise of their sovereignty.

TITLE I

SOVEREIGNTY OF ANDORRA

Article 1

1. Andorra is a Democratic and Social independent State abiding by the Rule of Law. Its official name is Principat d'Andorra..

2. The Constitution proclaims that the action of the Andorran State is inspired by the principles of respect and promotion of liberty, equality, justice, tolerance, defence of human rights and dignity of the person.

3. Sovereignty is vested in the Andorran People, who exercise it through the different means of participation and by way of the institutions established in this Constitution.

4. The political system of Andorra is a parliamentary Coprincipat .

5. Andorra is composed of the Parròquies of Canillo, Encamp, Ordino, La Massana, Andorra la Vella, Sant Julià de Lòria and Escaldes-Engordany.

Article 2

1. Catalan is the official language of the State.

2. The national anthem, the State flag and the coat of arms of Andorraare the traditional ones.

3. Andorra la Vella is the capital of the State.

Article 3

1. The present Constitution, which is the highest rule of the legal system, binds all the public institutions as well as the individuals.

2. The Constitution recognizes the principles of equality, hierarchy, publicity of the judicial rules, non-retroactivity of the rules restricting individual rights or those that are unfavourable in their effect or sanction, juridical security, accountability of public institutions and prohibition of any kind of arbitrariness.

3. The universally recognized principles of international public law are incorporated into the legal system of Andorra.

4. The treaties and international agreements take effect in the legal system from the moment of their publication in the Butlletí Oficial del Principat d'Andorra and cannot be amended or repealed by law.

TITLE II

RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS

Chapter I. General principles

Article 4

The Constitution recognises human dignity to be inalienable and therefore guarantees the inviolable and imprescriptible rights of the individual, which constitute the foundation of political order, social peace and justice.

Article 5

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is binding in Andorra.

Article 6

1. All persons are equal before the law. No one may be discriminated against on grounds of birth, race, sex, origin, religion, opinions or any other personal or social condition.

2. Public authorities shall create the conditions such that the equality and the liberty of the individuals may be real and effective.

Chapter II. Andorran nationality

Article 7

1. The status of Andorran national, as well as its legal effects, is acquired, kept and lost in accordance with the regulations of a Llei Qualificada.

2. The acquisition or retention of a nationality other than Andorran shall entail the loss of the latter, subject to the terms and periods established by law.

Chapter III. The fundamental rights of the person and public freedoms

Article 8

1. The Constitution recognises the right to life and fully protects it in its different phases.

2. All persons have the right to physical and moral integrity. No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.

3. The death penalty is prohibited.

Article 9

1 All persons have the right to liberty and security and shall only be deprived of them on such grounds and in accordance with such procedures as are established in the Constitution and the laws.

2. Executive detention shall take no longer than the time needed to carry out the enquiries in relation to the clarification of the case, and in all cases the detained shall be brought before the judge within 48 hours.

3. The law shall establish a procedure so that the detained may request the court to decide about the lawfulness of the detention. Likewise the law shall establish the procedure to restore the impaired fundamental rights of any person under detention.

4. No one shall be held criminally or administratively liable on account of any acts or omissions which were lawful at the time when they were committed.

Article 10

1. All persons shall have the right to jurisdiction and to have a ruling founded in the law, and to a due trial before an impartial tribunal established by law.

2. All persons shall have the right to counsel and the technical assistance of a competent lawyer, to trial within a reasonable time, to the presumption of innocence, to be informed of the charges against them, not to declare themselves guilty, not to testify against themselves and to appeal in criminal causes.

3. Inorder to guarantee the principle of equality, the law shall regulate the cases when justice shall be free of cost.

Article 11

1. The Constitution guarantees the freedom of ideas, religion and cult, and no one is bound to state or disclose his or her ideology, religion or beliefs.

2. Freedom to manifest one's religion or beliefs shall be subject only to such limitations as are prescribed by law and are necessary in the interests of public safety, order, health or morals, or for the protection of the fundamental rights and freedoms of others.

3 The Constitution guarantees the Roman Catholic Church free and public exercise of its activities and the preservation of the relations of special co-operation with the State in accordance with the Andorran tradition.

The Constitution recognises the full legal capacity of the bodies of the Roman Catholic Church which have legal status in accordance with their own rules.

Article 12

Freedoms of expression, of communication and of information are guaranteed. The law shall regulate the right of reply, the right of correction and professional secrecy. Preliminary censorship or any other means of ideological control on the part of the public authorities shall be prohibited.

Article 13

1. The civil status of persons and forms of marriage shall be regulated by law. The civil effects of Canon Law marriage shall be recognised.

2. The public authorities shall promote a policy of protection of the family, which is the basic foundation of society.

3. Both spouses have the same rights and duties. All children are equal before the law, regardless of their parentage.

Article 14

The right to privacy, honour and reputation shall be guaranteed. All shall be protected by law against unlawful interference in their family and private life.

Article 15

Inviolability of the dwelling shall be guaranteed. No one shall enter a dwelling or any other premises against the will of the owner or without a warrant, except in case of flagrant delicto. The privacy of communication shall also be guaranteed, except upon a reasoned court order.

Article 16

The right to meet and assemble for any lawful purpose shall be respected. The exercise of the right of assembly requires that the authorities be notified in advance, and shall not prevent the free movement of goods and people.

Article 17

The right to associate for a lawful purpose shall be recognised. A law shall establish a Registry of the associations which may be constituted.

Article 18

The right to form and maintain managerial, professional and trade-union associations shall be recognised. Without prejudice to their links with international institutions, these organizations shall operate within the limits of Andorra, shall have their own autonomy without any organic dependence on foreign bodies and shall function democratically.

Article 19

Workers and employers have the right to defend their own economic and social interests. A Law shall regulate the conditions to exercise this right in order to guarantee the functioning of the services essential to the community.

Article 20

1. All persons have the right to education, which shall be oriented towards the dignity and full development of the human personality, thus strengthening the respect for freedom and the fundamental rights.

2. Freedom of teaching and of establishing teaching centres shall be recognised.

3. Parents have the right to decide the type of education for their children. They also have the right to moral or religious instruction for their children in accordance with their own convictions.

Article 21

1 Everyone has the right to move freely throughout the national territory and to enter and leave the country in accordance with the laws.

2. Andorran nationals and lawful resident aliens have the right freely to choose their residence in Andorra.

Article 22

The non-renewal of the residence permit or the expulsion of a lawful resident shall only be decided pursuant to the causes and terms determined by law, after a non-appealable court decision, if the interested person exercises his or her right to jurisdiction.

Article 23

Everyone with a direct interest has the right to petition the public authorities in the form and with the effects provided by law.

Chapter IV. Political rights of Andorran nationals

Article 24

All Andorrans of age, in full use of their rights, enjoy the right of suffrage.

Article 25

All Andorran nationals have the right of accession to public service and office under the same conditions and in accordance with the requirements determined by law. The exercise of institutional posts is reserved to Andorrans, with the exceptions that may be provided for in this Constitution or in international treaties.

Article 26

Andorrans have the right freely to create political parties. Their functioning and organization must be democratic and their activities lawful. The suspension of their activities and their dissolution is the responsibility of the judicial organs.

Chapter V. Rights, and economic, social and cultural principles.

Article 27

1. Private property and the rights of inheritance are recognised without other limits than those derived from the social function of property.

2. No one shall be deprived of his or her goods or rights, unless upon justified consideration of the public interest, with just compensation by or pursuant to a law.

Article 28

The right of enterprise shall be recognised within the framework of the market economy and in accordance with the law.

Article 29

All persons have the right to work, to their promotion through work, and to just income which shall guarantee a living befitting human dignity for themselves and their families, as well as to the reasonable limitation of the working day, weekly rest and paid vacation.

Article 30

The right to health protection and to receive services to look after personal needs shall be respected. With that intent the State shall guarantee a system of Social Security.

Article 31

The State has the task of ensuring the rational use of the soil and of all the natural resources, so as to guarantee a befitting quality of life for all and, for the sake of the coming generations, to restore and maintain a reasonable ecological balance in the atmosphere, water and land, as well as to protect the autochthonous flora and fauna.

Article 32

The State may intervene in the ordering of the economic, commercial, labour and financial system to make possible, within the frame of a market economy system, the balanced development of the society and general welfare.

Article 33

The public authorities shall promote the necessary conditions to implement the right for everyone to enjoy decent housing.

Article 34

The State shall guarantee the conservation, promotion and diffusion of the historical, cultural and artistic heritage of Andorra.

Article 35

The rights of consumers and users shall be guaranteed by law and protected by the public authorities.

Article 36

The State may create media of social communication. In accordance with the principles of participation and pluralism, a law will regulate their organization and control by the Consell General.

Chapter VI Duties of Andorran nationals and of aliens

Article 37

All individuals and juridical persons shall contribute to the public expenditure depending on their economic capacity, by means of a just taxing system, pursuant to a law and founded upon the principles of generality and equitative distribution of tax burdens.

Article 38

The State may create by law types of community service to pursue tasks of general interest.

Chapter VII. Guarantees of rights and freedoms

Article 39

1. The rights and freedoms recognised in chapters III and IV of this Title bind immediately all public authorities as directly enforceable law. Their contents cannot be limited by law and are protected by the Courts.

2. Aliens legally resident in Andorra can freely exercise the rights and freedoms of chapter II of this Title.

3. The rights of chapter V form the basis of the legislation and the actions of the public authorities, but they may only be invoked within the conditions determined by the laws.

Article 40

The exercise of the rights recognised in this Title may only be regulated by law. The rights of chapters III and IV shall be regulated by means of lleis qualificades.

Article 41

1. The rights and freedoms recognised in chapters 111 and IV are protected by regular courts through urgent and preferent proceedings regulated by law, which in any case shall be transacted in two instances.

2. Alaw shall create an exceptional Procedure of Appeal before the Tribunal Constitucional against the acts of the public authorities which may violate the essential contents of the rights mentioned in the paragraph above, with the exception of the case provided for in article 22.

Article 42

1. ALlei Qualificada shall regulate the states of alarm and emergency. The former may be declared by the Govern in case of natural catastrophes, for a term of fifteen days, notifying the Consell General. The latter shall also be declared by the Govern for a term of thirty days in the case of interruption of the normal functioning of democratic life and this shall require the previous authorisation of the Consell General. Any extension of these states requires the necessary approval of the Consell General.

2. Under the state of alarm the exercise of the rights recognised in articles 21 and 27 may be limited. Under the state of emergency the rights covered by articles 9.2, 12, 15, 16, 19 and 21 may be suspended. The application of this suspension to the rights covered in articles 9.2 and 15 must apply under the control of the judiciary notwithstanding the procedure of protection established in article 9.3.

TITLE III

THE COPRÍNCEPS

Article 43

1. Inaccordance with the institutional tradition of Andorra, the Coprínceps are, jointly and indivisibly, the Cap de l'Estat, and they assume its highest representation.

2. The Coprínceps, an institution which dates from the Pareatges and their historical evolution, are in their personal and exclusive right, the Bishop of Urgell and the President of the French Republic. Their powers are equal and derive from the present Constitution. Each of them swears or affirms to exercise their functions in accordance with the present Constitution.

Article 44

1. The Coprínceps are the symbol and guarantee of the permanence and continuity of Andorra as well as of its independence and the maintenance of the spirit of parity in the traditional balanced relation with the neighbouring States. They proclaim the consent of the Andorran State to honour its international obligations in accordance with the Constitution.

2. The Coprínceps arbitrate and moderate the functioning of the public authorities and of the institutions, and are regularly informed of the affairs of the State by their own initiative, or that of the Síndic General or the Cap de Govern.

3. Except for the cases provided for in this Constitution, the Coprínceps are immune from suit. The acts of the Coprínceps are under the responsibility of those who countersign them.

Article 45

1. The Coprínceps, with the countersignature of the Cap de Govern, or when appropriate, of the Síndic General, as politically responsible:

a) Call for general elections in accordance with the Constitution.

b) Call for a referendum in accordance with articles 76 and 106 of the Constitution.

c) Appoint the Cap de Govern following the procedure provided for in the Constitution.

d) Sign the decree of dissolution of the Consell General following the procedure of article 71 of the Constitution.

e) Accredit diplomatic representatives of Andorra to foreign States. Foreign envoys present credentials to each of the two.

f) Appoint the holders of office of the other institutions of the State in accordance with the Constitution and the laws.

g) Sanction and enact the laws in accordance with article 63 of this Constitution.

h) Express the consent of the State to honour its international treaties under the provisions of chapter III of Title IV of the Constitution.

i) Perform such other functions as may specifically be conferred to them by the Constitution.

2. The dispositions provided for in letters g) and h) of this article shall be simultaneously brought to the attention of each Copríncep, who shall sanction and enact them or express the consent of the State, as may fit the case, and the Coprínceps shall ordain their publication within the period between the eighth and the fifteenth days thereafter.

In that period the Coprínceps, individually or jointly, may send a reasoned message to the Tribunal Constitucional, so that this institution may render judgment on their constitutionality. If the resolution is positive the act may be sanctioned with the signature of at least one of the Coprínceps.

3. When there may be circumstances impairing one of the Coprínceps from formalising the acts listed in part 1 of this article within the periods constitutionally provided for, his representative shall make it known to the Síndic General, or when appropriate, to the Cap de Govern. In that case, the acts, norms or decisions in question shall take effect once the aforementioned days have elapsed with the signature of the other Copríncep and the countersignature of the Cap de Govern, or, when appropriate, the Síndic General.

Article 46

1. The Coprínceps may perform the following acts of their free will:

a) The combined exercise of the prerogative of grace.

b) The creation and structuring of the services considered to be necessary for the performing of their institutional functions, the appointment of the holders of these services and their accreditation to all effects.

c) The appointment of the members of the Consell Superior de la Justícia, in accordance with article 89.2 of the Constitution.

d) The appointment of the members of the Tribunal Constitucional, in accordance with article 96.1 of the Constitution.

e) The requirement of a preliminary judgment of unconstitutionality of the laws.

f) The requirement of a judgment about the unconstitutionality of international treaties, prior to their ratification.

g) The lodging of conflict before the Tribunal Constitucional in relation to their constitutional functions, under the provisions of articles 98 and 103 of the Constitution.

h) The granting of the agreement for the adoption of the text of an international treaty, in accordance with the provisions of article 66, before its parliamentary approval.

2. The acts derived from articles 45 and 46 are exercised by the Coprínceps personally, except for the faculties provided for in letters e), f), g), and h) of this article, which may be performed by delegation.

Article 47

The General Budget of the Principality shall assign an equal amount to each Copríncep, for the functioning of their services, which amount they may freely dispose of.

Article 48

Each Copríncep appoints a personal representative in Andorra.

Article 49

In case of vacancy of one of the Coprínceps the present Constitution recognises the validity of the mechanisms of substitution provided for in their respective legal systems, so as not to interrupt the normal functioning of the Andorran institutions.

TITLE IV

THE CONSELL GENERAL

Article 50

The Consell General, which expresses the mixed and apportioned representation of the national population and of the seven Parròquies, represents the Andorran people, exercises legislative powers, approves the budget of the State and prompts and controls the political action of the Govern.

Chapter 1. Organization of the Consell General

Article 51

1. The Consellers are elected by universal, free, equal and direct suffrage for a four-year term. Their mandate shall cease four years after their election or on the day that the Consell General is dissolved.

2. Elections shall be held between the thirtieth and fortieth days following the dissolution of the Consell General.

3. All Andorran nationals fully enjoying their political rights are entitled to vote and to be eligible for election.

4. ALlei Qualificada shall regulate the electoral system and shall envision the causes for ineligibility or incompatibility of Consellers.

Article 52

The Consell General consists of a minimum of twenty-eight and a maximum of forty-two Consellers Generals, half of whom shall be elected in an equal number by each of the seven Parròquies and the other half elected on the basis of a national single constituency.

Article 53

1. The members of the Consell General have the same representativity, are equal in terms of rights and duties and are not subject to any form of imperative mandate. Their vote is personal and may not be delegated.

2. The Consellers may not be called to account for votes cast or any utterances made in the exercise of their functions.

3. Throughout their term the Consellers may not be arrested or detained, except in the cases of flagrant delicto. But for that case, their detention and prosecution shall be decided by the plenary session of the Tribunal de Corts and the trial shall be held by the Tribunal Superior.

Article 54

The Consell General draws up and modifies its own Rules of Procedure, with a majority vote of the Chamber, it fixes its budget and regulates the statute of the staff at its service.

Article 55

1. The Sindicatura is the ruling organ of the Consell General.

2. The Consell General assembles in its inaugurating session fifteen days after the proclamation of the electoral results. The Síndic General, the Subsíndic General and, should this be the case, the other members who may statutorily be part of the Sindicatura, shall be elected in that same session.

3. The Síndic General and the Subsíndic General may not exercise their office for more than two consecutive full terms.

Article 56

1. The Consell General meets in traditional ordinary and extraordinary sessions, convened in the form prescribed in the Rules of Procedure. There shall be two ordinary periods of session throughout the year, as prescribed in the Rules of Procedure. The sessions of the Consell General are public, unless otherwise decided by the absolute majority of its members.

2. The Consell General functions as a Plenum or in committees. The Rules of Procedure shall provide for the formation of legislative committees such that they represent the composition of the Chamber.

3. The Consell General appoints a Comissió Permanent to safeguard the powers of the Chamber while it is dissolved or in the period of recession. The Comissió Permanent, under the presidency of the Síndic General, shall be formed in a way that will represent the apportioned composition of the Chamber.

4. The Consellers may form grups parlamentaris. The Rules of Procedure shall provide for the rights and duties of the Consellers and of the grups parlamentaris, as well as for the statute of those Consellers not attached to a group.

Article 57

1. The resolutions of the Consell General shall only take effect when it meets with the minimum attendance of half of the Consellers.

2. The resolutions take effect when approved by the simple majority of the Consellers present, notwithstanding the special majorities prescribed in the Constitution.

3. The approval of the lleis qualificades prescribed by the Constitution requires the final favourable vote of the absolute majority of the members of the Consell General, except for the Lleis Qualificades of elections and referendums, as well as for those of communal competence, and of transference to the Comuns, the approval of which requires the final favourable vote of the absolute majority of Consellers elected in parish constituencies and the absolute majority of Consellers elected in the national constituency.

Chapter II. Legislative procedure

Article 58

1. The legislative initiative corresponds to the Consell General and to the Govern.

2. Three Comuns jointly or a tenth part of the electoral roll may put forward Private Members' Bills to the Consell General.

3. Govern Bills and Private Members' Bills shall be examined by the Plenum of the Chamber and by the committees in the form prescribed by the Rules of Procedure.

Article 59

The Consell General may delegate the exercise of the legislative function to the Govern, by means of a law. This function may not be sub-delegated. The law of delegation determines the matter delegated, the principles and directives under which the corresponding legislative decree of the Govern shall be issued, as well as the term of its exercise. The authorization will provide for the parliamentary forms of control of the delegated legislation.

Article 60

1. Incases of extreme urgency and need, the Govern may present the Consell General with an articled text for approval as a law, in a vote on the whole text, within the period of forty-eight hours.

2. The matters reserved to a Llei Qualificada may not be subject to legislative delegation or to the procedure provided for in part 1 of this article.

Article 61

1. The initiative of the Bill of the General Budget corresponds exclusively to the Govern, which has to submit it for parliamentary approval at least two months prior to the expiration of the previous budget.

2. The Bill of the General Budget shall be given priority over other matters and it will be carried out in accordance with a specific procedure, as prescribed in the Rules of Procedure.

3. If the Bill of the General Budget has not yet been approved on the first day of the corresponding fiscal year, the Budget of the previous year shall automatically be extended until the new one may be approved.

4. The Bill of the General Budget may not impose taxes.

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